Mechanistical Insights into the Bioconjugation Reaction of Triazolinediones with Tyrosine.

The bioconjugation at tyrosine residues using cyclic diazodicarboxamides, especially 4-substituted 3 H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5(4 H)-dione (PTAD), is a highly enabling synthetic reaction because it can be employed for orthogonal and site-selective (multi)functionalizations of native peptides and proteins. Despite its importance, the underlying mechanisms have not been thoroughly investigated. The reaction can proceed along four distinctive pathways: (i) the SAr path, (ii) along a pericyclic group transfer pathway (a classical ene reaction), (iii) along a stepwise reaction path, or (iv) along an unusual higher order concerted pericyclic mechanism. The product mixtures obtained from reactions of PTAD with 2,4-unsubstituted phenolate support the SAr mechanism, but it remains unclear if other mechanisms also take place. In the present work, the various mechanisms are compared using high-level quantum chemistry approaches for the model reaction of 4 H,3 H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5(4 H)-dione (HTAD) with p-cresol and p-cresolate. In a protic solvent (water), the barriers of the SAr mechanism and the ene reaction are similar but still too high to explain the available experimental observations. This is only possible if the SAr reaction of cresolate with HTAD is taken into account for which nearly vanishing barriers are computed. This satisfactorily explains measured conversion rates in buffered aqueous solutions and the strong activation effects observed upon addition of bases.