University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL, USA.
University of South Florida, Department of Integrative Biology, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, USA.
Water Res. 2018 Nov 1;144:1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.066. Epub 2018 Jun 30.
An enteric virus surrogate and reliable domestic wastewater tracer is needed to manage microbial quality of food and water as (waste)water reuse becomes more prevalent in response to population growth, urbanization, and climate change. Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), a plant pathogen found at high concentrations in domestic wastewater, is a promising surrogate for enteric viruses that has been incorporated into over 29 water- and food-related microbial quality and technology investigations around the world. This review consolidates the available literature from across disciplines to provide guidance on the utility of PMMoV as either an enteric virus surrogate and/or domestic wastewater marker in various situations. Synthesis of the available research supports PMMoV as a useful enteric virus process indicator since its high concentrations in source water allow for identifying the extent of virus log-reductions in field, pilot, and full-scale (waste)water treatment systems. PMMoV reduction levels during many forms of wastewater treatment were less than or equal to the reduction of other viruses, suggesting this virus can serve as an enteric virus surrogate when evaluating new treatment technologies. PMMoV excels as an index virus for enteric viruses in environmental waters exposed to untreated domestic wastewater because it was detected more frequently and in higher concentrations than other human viruses in groundwater (72.2%) and surface waters (freshwater, 94.5% and coastal, 72.2%), with pathogen co-detection rates as high as 72.3%. Additionally, PMMoV is an important microbial source tracking marker, most appropriately associated with untreated domestic wastewater, where its pooled-specificity is 90% and pooled-sensitivity is 100%, as opposed to human feces where its pooled-sensitivity is only 11.3%. A limited number of studies have also suggested that PMMoV may be a useful index virus for enteric viruses in monitoring the microbial quality of fresh produce and shellfish, but further research is needed on these topics. Finally, future work is needed to fill in knowledge gaps regarding PMMoV's global specificity and sensitivity.
需要一种肠道病毒替代物和可靠的生活污水示踪剂，以管理食品和水的微生物质量，因为应对人口增长、城市化和气候变化，污水再利用变得越来越普遍。在生活污水中高浓度存在的植物病原体胡椒轻斑驳病毒 (PMMoV)，是一种很有前途的肠道病毒替代物，已被纳入全球 29 个与水和食品相关的微生物质量和技术调查中。本综述综合了来自不同学科的现有文献，为在各种情况下将 PMMoV 用作肠道病毒替代物和/或生活污水示踪剂提供了指导。对现有研究的综合支持表明，PMMoV 可用作有用的肠道病毒过程指标，因为其在源水中的高浓度可用于确定现场、中试和全规模（污水）处理系统中病毒对数减少的程度。在许多形式的污水处理过程中，PMMoV 的减少水平小于或等于其他病毒的减少水平，这表明在评估新的处理技术时，该病毒可以作为肠道病毒的替代物。PMMoV 作为暴露于未经处理的生活污水的环境水中的肠道病毒指示病毒表现出色，因为它在地下水中（72.2%）和地表水中（淡水 94.5%，沿海水域 72.2%）比其他人类病毒更频繁且浓度更高地被检测到，病原体共同检测率高达 72.3%。此外，PMMoV 是一种重要的微生物源追踪标记物，最适合与未经处理的生活污水相关联，其总体特异性为 90%，总体敏感性为 100%，而与人类粪便相比，其总体敏感性仅为 11.3%。少数研究还表明，PMMoV 可能是监测新鲜农产品和贝类微生物质量的肠道病毒的有用指示病毒，但在这些主题上还需要进一步的研究。最后，需要开展未来的工作以填补有关 PMMoV 全球特异性和敏感性的知识空白。
