The effects of atmospheric hydrogen sulfide on peripheral blood lymphocytes of chickens: Perspectives on inflammation, oxidative stress and energy metabolism.

Excessive hydrogen sulfide (HS) affects poultry health. Exposure to air pollution induces inflammation, oxidative stress, energy metabolism dysfunction and adverse health effects. However, few detailed studies have been conducted on the molecular mechanisms of HS-induced injury in poultry. To understand how HS drives its adverse effects on chickens, twenty-four 14-day-old chickens were randomly divided into two groups. The chickens in the control group were raised in a separate chamber without HS, and the chickens in the treatment group were exposed to 30 ppm HS. After 14 days of exposure, peripheral blood samples were taken and the lymphocytes were extracted to detect inflammation, oxidative stress and energy metabolism in broilers. Overall, an increase in the inflammatory response was detected in the peripheral blood lymphocytes following HS exposure compared to the control group, and the expression levels of the heat shock proteins (HSPs) and the transcription factors nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were up-regulated in the HS group, which further suggested that HS induced an inflammatory response via the NF-κB pathway. Because of the activation of NF-κB, which is a major regulator of oxidative stress, we also observed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was elevated under HS exposure. In addition, we presumed that energy metabolism might be damaged due to the increased ROS production, and we found that HS down-regulated the expression levels of energy metabolism-related genes, which indicated the occurrence of energy metabolism dysfunction. Altogether, this study suggests that exposure to excessive atmospheric HS induces an inflammatory response, oxidative stress and energy metabolism dysfunction, providing a reference for comparative medicine.