Bubbleology Research International (BRI), 1642 Elm Ave, Solvang CA 93463, United States.
Bubbleology Research International (BRI), 1642 Elm Ave, Solvang CA 93463, United States.
Environ Pollut. 2018 Nov;242(Pt B):2111-2134. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.078. Epub 2018 Jul 13.
Mobile in situ concentration and meteorology data were collected for the Chino Dairy Complex in the Los Angeles Basin by AMOG (AutoMObile trace Gas) Surveyor on 25 June 2015 to characterize husbandry emissions in the near and far field in convoy mode with MISTIR (Mobile Infrared Sensor for Tactical Incident Response), a mobile upwards-looking, column remote sensing spectrometer. MISTIR reference flux validated AMOG plume inversions at different information levels including multiple gases, GoogleEarth imagery, and airborne trace gas remote sensing data. Long-term (9-yr.) Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer satellite data provided spatial and trace gas temporal context. For the Chino dairies, MISTIR-AMOG ammonia (NH) agreement was within 5% (15.7 versus 14.9 Gg yr, respectively) using all information. Methane (CH) emissions were 30 Gg yr for a 45,200 herd size, indicating that Chino emission factors are greater than previously reported. Single dairy inversions were much less successful. AMOG-MISTIR agreement was 57% due to wind heterogeneity from downwind structures in these near-field measurements and emissions unsteadiness. AMOG CH, NH, and CO emissions were 91, 209, and 8200 Mg yr, implying 2480, 1870, and 1720 head using published emission factors. Plumes fingerprinting identified likely sources including manure storage, cowsheds, and a structure with likely natural gas combustion. NH downwind of Chino showed a seasonal variation of a factor of ten, three times larger than literature suggests. Chino husbandry practices and trends in herd size and production were reviewed and unlikely to add seasonality. Higher emission seasonality was proposed as legacy soil emissions, the results of a century of husbandry, supported by airborne remote sensing data showing widespread emissions from neighborhoods that were dairies 15 years prior, and AMOG and MISTIR observations. Seasonal variations provide insights into the implications of global climate change and must be considered when comparing surveys from different seasons.
2015 年 6 月 25 日，AMOG（AutoMObile trace Gas）Surveyor 在洛杉矶盆地的奇诺奶牛场收集了移动原位浓缩和气象数据，以在车队模式下用 MISTIR（用于战术事件响应的移动红外传感器）对近场和远场中的畜牧业排放进行特征描述，MISTIR 是一种向上移动的、柱形远程光谱仪。MISTIR 参考通量验证了 AMOG 羽流反演在不同信息水平上的结果，包括多种气体、GoogleEarth 图像和机载痕量气体遥感数据。长期（9 年）红外大气探测干涉仪卫星数据提供了空间和痕量气体时间背景。对于奇诺奶牛场，使用所有信息，MISTIR-AMOG 氨（NH）的一致性在 5%以内（分别为 15.7 和 14.9 Gg yr）。甲烷（CH）排放量为 45200 头牛的 30 Gg yr，表明奇诺的排放因子大于先前的报告。单个奶牛场的反演结果要差得多。由于近场测量中顺风结构和风的非均匀性以及排放的不稳定性，AMOG-MISTIR 的一致性为 57%。AMOG CH、NH 和 CO 的排放量分别为 91、209 和 8200 Mg yr，这意味着使用已发表的排放因子，有 2480、1870 和 1720 头牛。羽流特征分析确定了可能的来源，包括粪便储存、牛舍和一个可能有天然气燃烧的结构。奇诺下风处的 NH 显示出季节性变化，是文献建议值的十倍，比文献中的三倍还要大。对奇诺的畜牧业做法和牛群规模和产量的趋势进行了审查，不太可能增加季节性。提出了更高的排放季节性，作为土壤排放的遗留物，这是一个世纪畜牧业的结果，这一结果得到了机载遥感数据的支持，该数据显示了 15 年前曾是奶牛场的社区的广泛排放，以及 AMOG 和 MISTIR 的观测结果。季节性变化为了解全球气候变化的影响提供了线索，在比较不同季节的调查结果时必须加以考虑。
