Environmental PHYsics LABoratory (EPHYSLAB), Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain.
CESAM, Physics Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2019 Jan;1436(1):70-97. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13924. Epub 2018 Jul 15.
Long-term sustainable development of European offshore wind energy requires knowledge of the best places for installing offshore wind farms. To achieve this, a good knowledge of wind resources is needed, as well as knowledge of international, European, and national regulations regarding conflict management, marine environment conservation, biodiversity protection, licensing processes, and support regimes. Such a multidisciplinary approach could help to identify areas where wind resources are abundant and where conflicts with other interests are scarce, support measures are greater, and licensing processes are streamlined. An overview of offshore wind power studies at present, and of their future projections for the 21st century, allows for determining the optimal European locations to install or maintain offshore wind farms. Only northern Europe, the northwest portion of the Iberian Peninsula, the Gulf of Lyon, the Strait of Gibraltar, and the northwest coast of Turkey show no change or increase in wind power, revealing these locations as the most suitable for installing and maintaining offshore wind farms in the future. The installation of wind farms is subject to restrictions established under international law, European law, and the domestic legal framework of each EU member state. Europe is moving toward streamlining of licensing procedures, reducing subsidies, and implementing auction systems.
欧洲海上风能的长期可持续发展需要了解安装海上风电场的最佳地点。要实现这一目标，需要很好地了解风能资源，以及了解国际、欧洲和国家关于冲突管理、海洋环境养护、生物多样性保护、许可程序和支持制度的规定。这种多学科的方法有助于确定风能资源丰富且与其他利益冲突较少、支持措施更大、许可程序更精简的地区。对目前海上风力发电研究及其 21 世纪未来预测的概述，可以确定在欧洲安装或维护海上风电场的最佳地点。只有北欧、伊比利亚半岛西北部、里昂湾、直布罗陀海峡和土耳其西北部海岸的风力发电没有变化或增加，这表明这些地区是未来安装和维护海上风电场的最适宜地点。风电场的安装受到国际法、欧洲法和每个欧盟成员国国内法律框架规定的限制。欧洲正在朝着简化许可程序、减少补贴和实施拍卖系统的方向发展。
