Müller Florian, Best Jonathan F, Cañal-Bruland Rouwen
1 Friedrich Schiller University of Jena.
J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2018 Jun 1;40(3):128-134. doi: 10.1123/jsep.2017-0358. Epub 2018 Jul 14.
Research has demonstrated that in addition to minor changes in goalkeepers' position or height, goalkeeper reputation seems to influence penalty takers' shot placement. However, this evidence is based on correlative designs. Here, the authors experimentally manipulated both height and reputation to examine their causal impact on actual shot placement. Penalty takers performed kicks facing goalkeepers of different height (tall vs. short) and reputation (high vs. low) projected on a life-size screen. Results showed that tall goalkeepers were judged as taller than short goalkeepers. Likewise, high-reputation goalkeepers were judged as taller than low-reputation goalkeepers. An important finding was that reputation also influenced shot placement. When facing high-reputation goalkeepers, penalty takers aimed farther away from the goalkeeper and missed the goal more often. It follows that reputation affects both height estimates of goalkeepers and, most important, shot placement. Consequently, manipulating perceived reputation of goalkeepers provides an avenue for sport professionals to subtly influence shot placement of penalty takers.
研究表明，除了守门员位置或身高的微小变化外，守门员的声誉似乎也会影响罚球者的射门位置。然而，这一证据是基于相关设计的。在此，作者通过实验操纵了身高和声誉，以检验它们对实际射门位置的因果影响。罚球者对着真人大小屏幕上投射出的不同身高（高与矮）和声誉（高与低）的守门员进行罚球。结果显示，高个守门员被认为比矮个守门员更高。同样，声誉高的守门员被认为比声誉低的守门员更高。一个重要发现是，声誉也会影响射门位置。当面对声誉高的守门员时，罚球者的射门目标距离守门员更远，且更多地射失球门。由此可见，声誉既会影响对守门员身高的估计，更重要的是，还会影响射门位置。因此，操纵守门员的感知声誉，为体育专业人员巧妙影响罚球者的射门位置提供了一条途径。
