Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales de la Orinoquia Colombiana ICAOC, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad de los Llanos, Campus Barcelona, Villavicencio, Colombia.
Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
Environ Geochem Health. 2019 Apr;41(2):667-679. doi: 10.1007/s10653-018-0160-6. Epub 2018 Jul 27.
Urbanization-induced land-use changes cause several environmental problems, especially in developing countries due to a lack of sufficient urban planning. This study was performed in a medium-size city of Villavicencio, Colombia. Copper, lead, nickel, zinc, chromium, manganese, and cadmium in road-deposited sediment (RDS) from different land uses were determined. Multiple geo- and statistical approaches of geographic information system mapping, Pearson correlation, Kruskal-Wallis H, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and principal component analyze (PCA) were employed to assess the influence of land use on the metals' spatial distribution. The enrichment of given metals in RDS was evaluated by geo-accumulation (I) and pollution load (PLI) indexes. The exposure human health risk was assessed by hazard index (HI). Results show that the average contents of the given metals decreased in the order of commercial > residential > highway > government institutions and public parks areas. Commercial areas thereafter always have the highest metals enrichment (I) and pollution level (PLI). HI assessment indicates that child has a higher health risk than adult due to the exposure to metals in RDS. HCA analysis reveals that surface roughness had a more direct influence than land-use type on metals' distribution. Kruskal-Wallis H test further suggests land-use type had a significant influence on certain metals' spatial variation. Two potential (group) sources of geochemical and vehicular sources, along with leaded petrol and paintings, were inferred to be the main contributors to metals in RDS by PCA analysis.
城市化引起的土地利用变化导致了许多环境问题，特别是在发展中国家，由于缺乏足够的城市规划。本研究在哥伦比亚的中型城市维拉维森西奥进行。从不同土地利用类型的道路沉积（RDS）中测定了铜、铅、镍、锌、铬、锰和镉。采用地理信息系统制图的空间和统计方法、皮尔逊相关分析、Kruskal-Wallis H 检验、层次聚类分析（HCA）和主成分分析（PCA）等多种方法，评估土地利用对金属空间分布的影响。利用地积累指数（I）和污染负荷指数（PLI）评价 RDS 中特定金属的富集程度。采用危害指数（HI）评估人体健康风险。结果表明，给定金属的平均含量按商业用地>住宅用地>高速公路>政府机构和公共公园的顺序递减。此后，商业用地的金属富集（I）和污染水平（PLI）始终最高。HI 评估表明，儿童因接触 RDS 中的金属而面临比成人更高的健康风险。HCA 分析表明，表面粗糙度对金属分布的影响比土地利用类型更直接。Kruskal-Wallis H 检验进一步表明，土地利用类型对某些金属的空间变化有显著影响。通过 PCA 分析推断，两个潜在（群）来源的地球化学和车辆来源，以及含铅汽油和油漆，是 RDS 中金属的主要来源。
