Environmental impact and health risk assessment of potentially toxic metals emanating from different anthropogenic activities related to E-wastes.

The global desire for modernization through technology has thrown up a major disposal challenge for e-wastes, especially in low-economic countries. This study assessed the environmental impacts and possible health risks of potentially toxic metals emanating from poorly managed e-wastes across three main representative sites in southwest Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from three major cities in Southwestern Nigeria and analyzed for As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn. Pollution assessments were done using indices including contamination factor (C), pollution load index (PLI) and potential ecological risk index (PERI) coupled with evaluation of non-cancer and cancer health risks. Results showed enrichment of the local soil with metals due to e-wastes related activities, with an elevated level of C (>6), revealing that the soils around the e-waste dumpsites were severely contaminated. In addition, the assessment of individual metal potential ecological risk index (E ) showed a high level of potential ecological risk for Cd (E >320) at all the sites while As, Pb, Cu and Ni exhibited high ecological risk at the sites, especially at topsoil layer. Furthermore, the study established varying potentials for carcinogenic health risks for residents around the dumpsites, such that while a negligible risk index occurred for Cd and Ni (RI < 10), the risk is tolerable for Pb (0 < RI < 104) but within cancer-development range for As and Cr (RI > 10). The study concluded that poorly managed e-wastes in the area poses significant threats to the health of humans and the entire ecosystem. Further study is recommended to identify similar e-waste dumpsites at regional and national - scales for sustainable restoration and improved e-waste management.