a Department of Marine Engineering , National Taiwan Ocean University , Keelung City , Taiwan , Republic of China.
J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2019 Feb;69(2):131-144. doi: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1505675. Epub 2018 Dec 17.
This study proposes an easy-to-apply method, the Total Life Cycle Emission Model (TLCEM), to calculate the total emissions from shipping and help ship management groups assess the impact on emissions caused by their capital investment or operation decisions. Using TLCEM, we present the total emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) during the 25-yr life cycle of 10 post-Panamax containerships under slow steaming conditions. The life cycle consists of steel production, shipbuilding, crude oil extraction and transportation, fuel refining, bunkering, and ship operation. We calculate total emissions from containerships and compare the effect of emission reduction by using various fuels. The results can be used to differentiate the emissions from various processes and to assess the effectiveness of various reduction approaches. Critical pollutants and GHGs emitted from each process are calculated. If the containerships use heavy fuel oil (HFO), emissions of CO total 2.79 million tonnes (Mt), accounting for 95.37% of total emissions, followed by NO and SO emissions,which account for 2.25% and 1.30%, respectively.The most significant emissions are from the operation of the ship and originate from the main engine (ME).When fuel is switched to 100% natural gas (NG), SO, PM, and CO emissions show remarkable reductions of 98.60%, 99.06%, and 21.70%, respectively. Determining the emission factor of each process is critical for estimating the total emissions. The estimated emission factors were compared with the values adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO).The proposed TLCEM may contribute to more accurate estimates of total life cycle emissions from global shipping. Implications: We propose a total life cycle emissions model for 10 post-Panamax container ships. Using heavy fuel oil, emissions of CO total 2.79 Mt, accounting for approximately 95% of emissions, followed by NO and SO emissions. Using 100% natural gas, SO, PM, and CO emissions reduce by 98.6%, 99.1%, and 21.7%, respectively. NO emissions increase by 1.14% when running a dual fuel engine at low load in natural gas mode.
本研究提出了一种易于应用的方法，即全生命周期排放模型（TLCEM），以计算航运的总排放量，并帮助船运管理团队评估其资本投资或运营决策对排放的影响。使用 TLCEM，我们展示了在 10 艘巴拿马型船减速航行条件下 25 年生命周期内的空气污染物和温室气体（GHG）的总排放量。生命周期包括钢铁生产、造船、原油开采和运输、燃料精炼、加油和船舶运营。我们计算了集装箱船的总排放量，并比较了使用各种燃料减少排放的效果。结果可用于区分各个过程的排放量，并评估各种减排方法的效果。计算了每个过程中排放的关键污染物和 GHG。如果集装箱船使用重质燃料油（HFO），则 CO 总排放量为 279 万吨（Mt），占总排放量的 95.37%，其次是 NO 和 SO 排放量，分别占 2.25%和 1.30%。最大的排放量来自船舶的运营，主要来自主机（ME）。当燃料切换为 100%天然气（NG）时，SO、PM 和 CO 的排放量分别显著减少 98.60%、99.06%和 21.70%。确定每个过程的排放因子对于估计总排放量至关重要。所估计的排放因子与国际海事组织（IMO）采用的值进行了比较。所提出的 TLCEM 可能有助于更准确地估算全球航运的全生命周期排放量。意义：我们提出了一种针对 10 艘巴拿马型集装箱船的全生命周期排放模型。使用重质燃料油时，CO 总排放量为 2790 万吨，约占排放量的 95%，其次是 NO 和 SO 排放量。使用 100%天然气时，SO、PM 和 CO 的排放量分别减少 98.6%、99.1%和 21.7%。在天然气模式下以低负荷运行双燃料发动机时，NO 排放量增加 1.14%。
