Tumor Lysis Syndrome

Tumor lysis syndrome is a clinical condition caused by extensive tumor cell lysis and characterized by metabolic disturbances, such as hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and hyperuricemia, which can lead to end-organ damage. This syndrome is most commonly observed in patients with hematologic malignancies. Tumor lysis syndrome is a significant metabolic and oncologic emergency commonly encountered in clinical practice. This condition can occur in both adult and pediatric oncology patients undergoing chemotherapy. The symptoms of tumor lysis syndrome primarily result from the release of intracellular substances, including potassium, phosphates, and nucleic acids, into the circulation. This release impairs the function of target organs and can lead to acute kidney injury, life-threatening arrhythmias, and potentially death. Tumor lysis syndrome typically arises following the initiation of chemotherapy, although it can also occur spontaneously in cases of high-grade hematologic malignancies characterized by substantial tumor burdens. Given the severe lethality of tumor lysis syndrome, identifying patients at increased risk and initiating early preventive measures are crucial. Prompt recognition of the renal and metabolic disturbances associated with tumor lysis syndrome and timely initiation of treatment are essential for improving patient survival.