Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2018 Sep 6;54(72):10021-10035. doi: 10.1039/c8cc05271a.
Biological probes constructed from lanthanides can provide a variety of readout signals, such as the luminescence of Eu(iii), Tb(iii), Yb(iii), Sm(iii) and Dy(iii), and the proton relaxation enhancement of Gd(iii) and Eu(ii). For numerous applications the intracellular delivery of the lanthanide probe is essential. Here, we review the methods for the intracellular delivery of non-targeted complexes (i.e. where the overall complex structure enhances cellular uptake), as well as complexes attached to a targeting unit (i.e. to a peptide or a small molecule) that facilitates delivery. The cellular applications of lanthanide-based supramolecules (dendrimers, metal organic frameworks) are covered briefly. Throughout, we emphasize the techniques that can confirm the intracellular localization of the lanthanides and those that enable the determination of the fate of the probes once inside the cell. Finally, we highlight methods that have not yet been applied in the context of lanthanide-based probes, but have been successful in the intracellular delivery of other metal-based probes.
基于镧系元素的生物探针可以提供多种读出信号，如 Eu(iii)、Tb(iii)、Yb(iii)、Sm(iii)和 Dy(iii)的发光，以及 Gd(iii)和 Eu(ii)的质子弛豫增强。对于许多应用，镧系探针的细胞内传递是必不可少的。在这里，我们综述了非靶向配合物（即整体配合物结构增强细胞摄取）的细胞内传递方法，以及连接到靶向单元（即肽或小分子）的配合物，以促进传递。简要介绍了基于镧系元素的超分子（树枝状大分子、金属有机骨架）的细胞应用。在整个过程中，我们强调了可以确认镧系元素细胞内定位的技术，以及能够确定探针进入细胞后命运的技术。最后，我们强调了尚未应用于基于镧系元素探针的方法，但在其他基于金属的探针的细胞内传递中取得成功的方法。
