Shimizu Daichi, Okada Takeshi
Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo.
Cogn Sci. 2018 Sep;42(7):2364-2396. doi: 10.1111/cogs.12668. Epub 2018 Aug 12.
How do expert performers practice as they develop creatively? This study investigated the processes involved in the practice of new skills by expert breakdancers. A great deal of evidence supports the theory of "deliberate practice" (Ericsson, Krampe, & Tesch-Römer, 1993, Psychological Review, 100, 363) in skill acquisition; however, expert creative performers may emphasize other forms of practice for skill development. Four case studies collected through fieldwork and laboratory observation were analyzed to evaluate expert dancers' practice processes as they developed proficiency in new, specific skills. We focused on three aspects of learning: the degree of skill acquisition, the content of skills included in practice, and dancers' stated purposes for practicing. The results showed that dancers' practice improved skills (as suggested by deliberate practice) and engaged the exploration of new, original skills, along with coordinating skills within performance. In their practice, these dance experts went beyond deliberative practice to highly exploratory processes for skill development.
专业表演者在创造性发展过程中是如何进行练习的？本研究调查了专业霹雳舞者练习新技能所涉及的过程。大量证据支持技能习得中的“刻意练习”理论（埃里克森、克莱姆佩和特施-罗默，1993年，《心理学评论》，第100卷，第363页）；然而，专业的创造性表演者可能会强调其他形式的练习来促进技能发展。通过实地考察和实验室观察收集了四个案例研究，以评估专业舞者在熟练掌握新的特定技能过程中的练习过程。我们关注学习的三个方面：技能习得的程度、练习中包含的技能内容以及舞者练习的既定目的。结果表明，舞者的练习提高了技能（如刻意练习所表明的），并促进了对新的原创技能的探索，以及在表演中协调技能。在练习中，这些舞蹈专家超越了刻意练习，进入了高度探索性的技能发展过程。
