Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2014 Mar;40(2):449-58. doi: 10.1037/a0034302. Epub 2013 Sep 2.
Performance improvement is thought to occur through engagement in deliberate practice. Deliberate practice is predicted to be challenging, effortful, and not inherently enjoyable. Expert and intermediate level Gaelic football players executed two types of kicks during an acquisition phase and pre-, post-, and retention tests. During acquisition, participants self-selected how they practiced and rated the characteristics of deliberate practice for effort and enjoyment. The expert group predominantly practiced the skill they were weaker at and improved its performance across pre-, post- and retention tests. Participants in the expert group also rated their practice as more effortful and less enjoyable compared to those in the intermediate group. In contrast, participants in the intermediate group predominantly practiced the skill they were stronger at and improved their performance from pretest to posttest but not on the retention test. Findings provide support for deliberate practice theory and give some insight into how experts practice and improve their performance beyond its current level.
表现的提升被认为是通过刻意练习实现的。刻意练习被预测具有挑战性、费力且本身并不愉快。专家级和中级盖尔式足球运动员在获得阶段以及前测、后测和保留测试中执行了两种类型的踢球。在获得阶段，参与者自主选择了他们的练习方式，并对努力和乐趣方面的刻意练习的特征进行了评分。专家组主要练习他们较弱的技能，并在预测试、后测试和保留测试中提高了该技能的表现。与中级组相比，专家组的参与者还认为他们的练习更费力，乐趣更少。相比之下，中级组的参与者主要练习他们更强的技能，并在前测到后测中提高了他们的表现，但在后测到保留测试中则没有。研究结果为刻意练习理论提供了支持，并深入了解了专家如何练习和提高表现，超越当前水平。
