Pomaville Matthew B, Lent David D
Department of Biology, California State University, Fresno, CA, United States.
Front Psychol. 2018 Jul 30;9:1312. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01312. eCollection 2018.
When cockroaches are trained to a visual-olfactory cue pairing using the antennal projection response (APR), they can form different memories for the location of a visual cue. A series of experiments, each examining memory for the spatial location of a visual cue, were performed using restrained cockroaches. The first group of experiments involved training cockroaches to associate a visual cue (CS-green LED) with an odor cue (US) in the presence or absence of a second visual reference cue (white LED). These experiments revealed that cockroaches have at least two forms of spatial memory. First, it was found that during learning, the movements of the antennae in response to the odor influenced the cockroaches' memory. If they use only one antenna, cockroaches form a memory that results in an APR being elicited to the CS irrespective of its location in space. When using both antennae, the cockroaches resulting memory leads to an APR to the CS that is spatially confined to within 15° of the trained position. This memory represents an egocentric spatial representation. Second, the cockroaches simultaneously formed a memory for the angular spatial relationships between two visual cues when trained in the presence of a second visual reference cue. This training provided the cockroaches an allocentric representation or visual snapshot of the environment. If both egocentric and the visual snapshot were available to the cockroach to localize the learned cue, the visual snapshot determined the behavioral response in this assay. Finally, the split-brain assay was used to characterize the cockroach's ability to establish a memory for the angular relationship between two visual cues with half a brain. Split-brain cockroaches were trained to unilaterally associate a pair of visual cues (CS-green LED and reference-white LED) with an odor cue (US). Split-brain cockroaches learned the general arrangement of the visual cues (i.e., the green LED is right of the white LED), but not the precise angular relationship. These experiments provide new insight into spatial memory processes in the cockroach.
当使用触角投射反应（APR）对蟑螂进行视觉 - 嗅觉线索配对训练时，它们能够针对视觉线索的位置形成不同的记忆。使用被限制活动的蟑螂进行了一系列实验，每个实验都考察对视觉线索空间位置的记忆。第一组实验涉及在有或没有第二个视觉参考线索（白色LED）的情况下，训练蟑螂将视觉线索（条件刺激 - 绿色LED）与气味线索（非条件刺激）关联起来。这些实验表明蟑螂至少有两种形式的空间记忆。首先，发现在学习过程中，触角对气味的反应运动影响了蟑螂的记忆。如果它们仅使用一根触角，蟑螂形成的记忆会导致无论条件刺激在空间中的位置如何，都会引发对条件刺激的触角投射反应。当使用两根触角时，蟑螂由此形成的记忆会导致对条件刺激的触角投射反应在空间上局限于训练位置的15°范围内。这种记忆代表一种以自我为中心的空间表征。其次，当在第二个视觉参考线索存在的情况下进行训练时，蟑螂同时形成了对两个视觉线索之间角度空间关系的记忆。这种训练为蟑螂提供了环境的一种以他为中心的表征或视觉快照。如果蟑螂在定位所学线索时既可以利用以自我为中心的表征又可以利用视觉快照，那么在这个实验中视觉快照决定了行为反应。最后，采用裂脑实验来表征蟑螂用半个大脑建立两个视觉线索之间角度关系记忆的能力。对裂脑蟑螂进行训练，使其单侧地将一对视觉线索（条件刺激 - 绿色LED和参考线索 - 白色LED）与气味线索（非条件刺激）关联起来。裂脑蟑螂学会了视觉线索的大致排列（即绿色LED在白色LED的右侧），但没有学会精确的角度关系。这些实验为蟑螂的空间记忆过程提供了新的见解。
