Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA.
Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA.
Chemosphere. 2018 Oct;209:920-927. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.155. Epub 2018 Jun 27.
Synthetic organic explosive compounds in the wastewater stream of industrial munition facilities are subject to regulatory permits and require pretreatment prior to discharge. Munition industries are currently focused on developing insensitive high explosives (IHEs) such as dinitroanisole (DNAN), nitroguanidine (NQ), and 1,2,4-triazol-3-one (NTO), to replace conventional munitions such as trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). IHEs are typically more soluble than conventional explosives, and their production generates waste streams with high nitrate (N) concentrations. Several chemical remediation studies have attempted to degrade the explosive compounds within waste streams with limited success. Phytoremediation is a relatively new application for the remediation of munition industry wastewater, which is both environmentally and economically sustainable. Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides), with its massive and dense root system and ability to grow in harsh environments, has been observed to remove many chemicals from soil and water, including nutrients and TNT. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of vetiver in removing explosive compounds and N from wastewater effluents generated in an industrial munition facility. Results show that the removal efficiency of vetiver was a factor of the initial concentration. Successive batches of vetiver removed DNAN, NQ, and RDX by 96, 79 and 100%, respectively. More than 95% of N was removed by four successive batches of vetiver grass. A major portion of NQ and RDX was translocated from root to shoot. LC-MS analysis showed the presence of transformation products of RDX, HMX (1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane) and DNAN in vetiver root and shoot.
工业弹药设施废水中的合成有机爆炸物化合物受到法规许可的限制，并需要在排放前进行预处理。弹药工业目前专注于开发钝感高能炸药（IHE），如二硝基苯甲醚（DNAN）、硝基胍（NQ）和 1,2,4-三唑-3-酮（NTO），以取代传统弹药，如三硝基甲苯（TNT）和六氢-1,3,5-三硝基-1,3,5-三嗪（RDX）。IHE 通常比传统炸药更易溶解，其生产产生的废水中硝酸盐（N）浓度很高。一些化学修复研究试图用有限的成功降解废水中的爆炸物化合物。植物修复是一种用于弹药工业废水修复的相对较新的应用，它在环境和经济上都是可持续的。香根草（Chrysopogon zizanioides），其庞大而密集的根系和在恶劣环境中生长的能力，已被观察到从土壤和水中去除许多化学物质，包括营养物质和 TNT。本研究的目的是评估香根草在去除工业弹药设施废水中爆炸物化合物和 N 的植物修复潜力。结果表明，香根草的去除效率是初始浓度的一个因素。连续批次的香根草分别去除了 96%、79%和 100%的 DNAN、NQ 和 RDX。四批连续的香根草去除了超过 95%的 N。NQ 和 RDX 的大部分被从根部转移到地上部分。LC-MS 分析表明，在香根草根和地上部分存在 RDX、HMX（1,3,5,7-四硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷）和 DNAN 的转化产物。
