Fuller Mark E, Hedman Paul C, Chu Kung-Hui, Webster Todd S, Hatzinger Paul B
Aptim Federal Services, 17 Princess Road, Lawrenceville, NJ, 08648, USA.
Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
Chemosphere. 2023 Nov;340:139887. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139887. Epub 2023 Aug 19.
New energetic formulations containing insensitive high explosives (IHE), such as 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (NTO), and nitroguanidine (NQ) are being developed to provide safer munitions. The addition of IHE to munitions formulations results in complex wastewaters from explosives manufacturing, load and pour operations and demilitarization activities. New technologies are required to treat those wastewaters. The core objective of this research effort was to develop and optimize a dual anaerobic-aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) system for treatment of wastewater containing variable mixtures of traditional energetics, IHE, and anions. The combined system proved highly effective for treatment of traditional explosives (TNT, RDX, HMX), IHE (DNAN, NTO, NQ) and anions commonly used as military oxidants (ClO, NO). The anaerobic MBR, which was operated for more than 500 d, was observed to completely degrade mg L concentrations of TNT, DNAN, ClO and NO under all operational conditions, including at the lowest hydraulic residence time (HRT) tested (2.2 d). The combined system generally resulted in complete treatment of mg L concentrations of RDX and HMX to <20 μg L, with most of the degradation occurring in the anaerobic MBR and polishing in the aerobic system. No common daughter products of DNAN, TNT, RDX, or HMX were detected in the effluent. NTO was completely transformed in the anaerobic MBR, but residual 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (ATO) was detected in system effluent. The ATO rapidly decomposed when bleach solution was added to the final effluent. NQ was initially recalcitrant in the system, but microbial populations eventually developed that could degrade >90% of the ∼10 mg L NQ entering the anaerobic MBR, with the remainder degraded to <50 μg L in the aerobic system. The dual MBR system proved to be capable of complete degradation of a wide mixture of munitions constituents and was resilient to changing influent composition.
正在研发含有钝感高能炸药（IHE）的新型含能配方，如2,4 - 二硝基苯甲醚（DNAN）、3 - 硝基 - 1,2,4 - 三唑 - 5 - 酮（NTO）和硝基胍（NQ），以提供更安全的弹药。在弹药配方中添加IHE会产生来自炸药制造、装填和浇注操作以及非军事化活动的复杂废水。需要新技术来处理这些废水。本研究工作的核心目标是开发并优化一种双厌氧 - 好氧膜生物反应器（MBR）系统，用于处理含有传统含能材料、IHE和阴离子的可变混合物的废水。该组合系统被证明对处理传统炸药（TNT、RDX、HMX）、IHE（DNAN、NTO、NQ）以及常用作军事氧化剂的阴离子（ClO、NO）非常有效。运行超过500天的厌氧MBR在所有运行条件下，包括在测试的最低水力停留时间（HRT）（2.2天）下，都能完全降解毫克/升浓度的TNT、DNAN、ClO和NO。该组合系统通常能将毫克/升浓度的RDX和HMX完全处理至<20微克/升，大部分降解发生在厌氧MBR中，在好氧系统中进行抛光处理。在流出物中未检测到DNAN、TNT、RDX或HMX的常见子产物。NTO在厌氧MBR中完全转化，但在系统流出物中检测到残留的3 - 氨基 - 1,2,4 - 三唑 - 5 - 酮（ATO）。当向最终流出物中加入漂白溶液时，ATO迅速分解。NQ最初在系统中具有抗性，但最终形成了能够降解进入厌氧MBR的约10毫克/升NQ中>90%的微生物种群，其余部分在好氧系统中降解至<50微克/升。双MBR系统被证明能够完全降解多种弹药成分的混合物，并且对不断变化的进水成分具有弹性。
