Land Michael F
School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2019;41:3-11. doi: 10.1007/7854_2018_60.
In animals with good eyesight most eye movements consist of saccades, which rapidly shift the direction of the eye's axis, and intervals between the saccades (fixations) in which gaze is kept stationary relative to the surroundings. This stability is needed to prevent motion blur, and it is achieved by reflexes which counter-rotate the eye when the head moves. This saccade-and-fixate strategy arose early in fish evolution, when the original function of saccades was to re-centre the eye as the fish turned. In primates, and other foveate vertebrates, saccades took on the new function of directing the fovea to objects of interest in the surroundings. Among invertebrates the same saccade-and-fixate pattern is seen, especially in insects, crustaceans and cephalopod molluscs.
在视力良好的动物中，大多数眼球运动由快速改变眼球轴线方向的扫视和扫视之间（注视）的时间段组成，在注视期间，目光相对于周围环境保持静止。这种稳定性是防止运动模糊所必需的，它是通过头部移动时使眼球反向转动的反射来实现的。这种扫视-注视策略在鱼类进化早期就出现了，当时扫视的原始功能是在鱼转身时使眼球重新居中。在灵长类动物和其他有中央凹的脊椎动物中，扫视具有了将中央凹对准周围环境中感兴趣物体的新功能。在无脊椎动物中也可以看到相同的扫视-注视模式，尤其是在昆虫、甲壳类动物和头足类软体动物中。
