1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
2 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018 Dec;159(6):956-967. doi: 10.1177/0194599818796476. Epub 2018 Aug 21.
Augmented reality (AR) is a rapidly developing technology. The aim of this systematic review was to (1) identify and evaluate applications of AR in otolaryngology and (2) examine trends in publication over time.
PubMed and EMBASE.
A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines without temporal limits. Studies were included if they reported otolaryngology-related applications of AR. Exclusion criteria included non-English articles, abstracts, letters/commentaries, and reviews. A linear regression model was used to compare publication trends over time.
Twenty-three articles representing 18 AR platforms were included. Publications increased between 1997 and 2018 ( P < .05). Twelve studies were level 5 evidence; 9 studies, level 4; 1 study, level 2; and 1 study, level 1. There was no trend toward increased level of evidence over time. The most common subspecialties represented were rhinology (52.2%), head and neck (30.4%), and neurotology (26%). The most common purpose of AR was intraoperative guidance (54.5%), followed by surgical planning (24.2%) and procedural simulations (9.1%). The most common source of visual inputs was endoscopes (50%), followed by eyewear (22.2%) and microscopes (4.5%). Computed tomography was the most common virtual input (83.3%). Optical trackers and fiducial markers were the most common forms of tracking and registration, respectively (38.9% and 44.4%). Mean registration error was 2.48 mm.
AR holds promise in simulation, surgical planning, and perioperative navigation. Although level of evidence remains modest, the role of AR in otolaryngology has grown rapidly and continues to expand.
增强现实（AR）是一项快速发展的技术。本系统评价的目的是：（1）识别和评估 AR 在耳鼻喉科中的应用；（2）考察随时间推移的发表趋势。
PubMed 和 EMBASE。
按照 PRISMA 指南进行系统评价，不设时间限制。如果研究报告了 AR 在耳鼻喉科相关方面的应用，则纳入研究。排除标准包括非英文文章、摘要、信件/评论和综述。使用线性回归模型比较随时间推移的发表趋势。
纳入 23 篇文章，代表 18 个 AR 平台。1997 年至 2018 年间，出版物数量有所增加（P<.05）。12 项研究为 5 级证据；9 项研究为 4 级；1 项研究为 2 级；1 项研究为 1 级。随时间推移，证据水平没有增加的趋势。代表的亚专科最常见的是鼻科学（52.2%）、头颈部（30.4%）和神经耳科学（26%）。AR 最常见的用途是术中指导（54.5%），其次是手术规划（24.2%）和程序模拟（9.1%）。最常见的视觉输入源是内窥镜（50%），其次是眼镜（22.2%）和显微镜（4.5%）。计算机断层扫描是最常见的虚拟输入（83.3%）。光学跟踪器和基准标记分别是最常见的跟踪和注册形式（38.9%和 44.4%）。平均注册误差为 2.48 毫米。
AR 在模拟、手术规划和围手术期导航方面具有应用前景。尽管证据水平仍然较低，但 AR 在耳鼻喉科中的作用发展迅速且不断扩大。
