Jarrett Selene, Ashworth Cheryl J
The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, EH25 9RG UK.
J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2018 Aug 6;9:59. doi: 10.1186/s40104-018-0270-0. eCollection 2018.
Fibres from a variety of sources are a common constituent of pig feeds. They provide a means to utilise locally-produced plant materials which are often a by-product of the food or drink industry. The value of a high fibre diet in terms of producing satiety has long been recognised. However the addition of fibre can reduce feed intake, which is clearly detrimental during stages of the production cycle when nutrient needs are high, for example in growing piglets and during lactation. More recently, fibre has been found to promote novel benefits to pig production systems, particularly given the reduction in antimicrobial use world-wide, concern for the welfare of animals fed a restricted diet and the need to ensure that such systems are more environmentally friendly. For example, inclusion of dietary fibre can alter the gut microbiota in ways that could reduce the need for antibiotics, while controlled addition of certain fibre types may reduce nitrogen losses into the environment and so reduce the environmental cost of pig production. Of particular potential value is the opportunity to use crude fibre concentrates as 'functional' feed additives to improve young pig growth and welfare. Perhaps the greatest opportunity for the use of high fibre diets is to improve the reproductive efficiency of pigs. Increased dietary fibre before mating improves oocyte maturation, prenatal survival and litter size; providing a consumer-acceptable means of increasing the amount of saleable meat produced per sow. The mechanisms responsible for these beneficial effects remain to be elucidated. However, changes in plasma and follicular fluid concentrations of key hormones and metabolites, as well as effects of the hypothalamic satiety centre on gonadotrophin secretion and epigenetic effects are strong candidates.
来自各种来源的纤维是猪饲料的常见成分。它们提供了一种利用当地生产的植物材料的方式，这些材料通常是食品或饮料行业的副产品。高纤维饮食在产生饱腹感方面的价值早已得到认可。然而，添加纤维会减少采食量，这在生产周期中营养需求较高的阶段，例如在生长仔猪和哺乳期，显然是有害的。最近，人们发现纤维对养猪生产系统有新的益处，特别是考虑到全球抗菌药物使用的减少、对限制饮食喂养动物福利的关注以及确保此类系统更环保的必要性。例如，添加膳食纤维可以改变肠道微生物群，从而减少对抗生素的需求，而控制添加某些纤维类型可能会减少氮向环境中的流失，从而降低养猪生产的环境成本。特别具有潜在价值的是有机会使用粗纤维浓缩物作为“功能性”饲料添加剂来改善仔猪生长和福利。使用高纤维日粮的最大机会或许在于提高猪的繁殖效率。配种前增加膳食纤维摄入量可改善卵母细胞成熟度、产前存活率和产仔数；这提供了一种消费者可接受的方法，可增加每头母猪生产的可销售肉量。这些有益效果的作用机制仍有待阐明。然而，关键激素和代谢物的血浆和卵泡液浓度的变化，以及下丘脑饱腹感中枢对促性腺激素分泌的影响和表观遗传效应都是很有可能的因素。
