Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, Carrer de les Columnes s/n, Campus de La UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
Department of Anthropology, Lehman College of the City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, 200 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024, USA; PhD Program in Anthropology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA; Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, Carrer de les Columnes s/n, Campus de La UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
J Hum Evol. 2018 Oct;123:141-147. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.07.005. Epub 2018 Aug 20.
Macaques dispersed out of Africa into Eurasia in the framework of a broader intercontinental faunal exchange that coincided in time with the sea level drop associated with the Messinian Salinity Crisis. They are first recorded in Europe (Italy and Spain) by the latest Miocene, being subsequently recorded all over Europe, albeit sparsely, throughout the Pliocene and Pleistocene. These fossil European macaques are attributed to several (sub)species of the extant Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus). In Iberia, fossil macaques are best documented by Macaca sylvanus florentina from various Early Pleistocene sites, whereas their published Pliocene record is very scarce. Here we report the oldest post-Messinian occurrence of macaques in the Iberian Peninsula, based on the description and metrical comparisons of two upper teeth (a male canine and a third molar of two different individuals) from the early Pliocene (MN14, 5.0-4.9 Ma) site of Puerto de la Cadena (Murcia, SE Spain). The male C is fully comparable in morphology with those of extant and fossil M. sylvanus, and larger than those of Mesopithecus. The M, in turn, displays the typical papionin morphology that characterizes the dentally-conservative genus Macaca-thereby discounting an alternate assignment to either the extinct colobine monkey Mesopithecus or the more dentally-derived papionin Theropithecus. Dental size and proportions of the M further support an attribution to an extinct subspecies of M. sylvanus instead of the larger papionin Paradolichopithecus. Mostly on biochronologic grounds, the two macaque teeth from Puerto de la Cadena are here assigned to Macaca sylvanus cf. prisca, albeit tentatively, given the lack of clear-cut criteria to distinguish this subspecies from the younger Macaca sylvanus florentina. The described material represents the oldest well-dated Pliocene record of macaques in Iberia, predating the record of Paradolichopithecus by almost 1.5 million years.
猕猴通过与墨西拿盐度危机相关的海平面下降同时发生的更广泛的洲际动物群交换而从非洲扩散到欧亚大陆。它们最早在欧洲（意大利和西班牙）的最新中新世被记录下来，随后在整个上新世和更新世期间在整个欧洲都有记录，尽管数量很少。这些化石欧洲猕猴被归因于现存巴巴里猕猴（Macaca sylvanus）的几个（亚种）。在伊比利亚，通过各种早期更新世遗址的 Macaca sylvanus florentina 对化石猕猴的记录最好，而它们的已发表的上新世记录非常稀少。在这里，我们报告了伊比利亚半岛上最晚的墨西拿后猕猴出现，这是基于对来自早期上新世（MN14，5.0-4.9 Ma）遗址的两颗上齿（雄性犬齿和两个不同个体的第三磨牙）的描述和度量比较得出的结果。Puerto de la Cadena（穆尔西亚，西班牙东南部）。雄性 C 在形态上与现存和化石 M. sylvanus 完全可比，并且比 Mesopithecus 大。M 反过来又表现出典型的狒狒形态，这种形态特征是在牙齿保守的属 Macaca 中特征性的，从而排除了将其分配给已灭绝的丛猴属 Mesopithecus 或更具牙齿衍生的狒狒属 Theropithecus 的可能性。M 的牙齿大小和比例进一步支持将其归因于 M. sylvanus 的已灭绝亚种，而不是更大的狒狒属 Paradolichopithecus。主要基于生物年代学的原因，从 Puerto de la Cadena 采集的两颗猕猴牙齿在这里被归类为 Macaca sylvanus cf. prisca，尽管这只是暂定的，因为缺乏明确的标准将该亚种与年轻的 Macaca sylvanus florentina 区分开来。所描述的材料代表了伊比利亚半岛上最早的、有可靠年代的上新世猕猴记录，比 Paradolichopithecus 的记录早了近 150 万年。
