College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Health Management and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
Institute for Healthcare & Public Management (530), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
Health Policy. 2018 Oct;122(10):1101-1108. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2018.07.023. Epub 2018 Aug 6.
Work hour constraints (WHC), or the mismatch between desired and actual worktime, can negatively affect work productivity, job satisfaction, worker health and job fluctuations.
This study analyzes the WHC trends in the German nursing market between 1990 and 2015.
Using data from 25 waves (1990-1995 and 1997-2015) of the German Socio-Economic Panel, the contractual, actual, and desired worktime among a representative sample of German nurses (N = 6493) were analyzed. The trends in over/underemployment for full and part-time nurses and the modalities/trends in overtime compensation were analyzed. A Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition was used to explain changes in worktime.
Although German nurses' actual and contractual work hours decreased substantially between 1990 and 2015, their desired work hours remained stable (31 h/week), precipitating a persistent gap between actual and desired work hours and an ongoing reliance on overtime. For full-time nurses, the actual work hours consistently exceeded the contracted ones by 3-6 hours. For part-time nurses, the actual and desired work hours have remained very similar, indicating ability to control workforce participation.
WHC remained persistently high over the quarter century studied, with overemployment affecting nearly half of the nursing workforce. Overemployment, resulting primarily from overtime, was high among full-time nurses. Study findings could guide the formulation of programs to optimize German nursing workforce participation.
工作时间限制（WHC），即期望工作时间与实际工作时间不匹配，可能会对工作效率、工作满意度、员工健康和工作波动产生负面影响。
本研究分析了 1990 年至 2015 年德国护理市场的 WHC 趋势。
利用德国社会经济面板 25 个波次（1990-1995 年和 1997-2015 年）的数据，对具有代表性的德国护士样本（N=6493）的合同、实际和期望工作时间进行了分析。分析了全职和兼职护士过度就业/就业不足的趋势，以及加班补偿的模式/趋势。使用 Blinder-Oaxaca 分解法来解释工作时间的变化。
尽管德国护士的实际和合同工作时间在 1990 年至 2015 年间大幅减少，但他们的期望工作时间保持稳定（每周 31 小时），导致实际工作时间与期望工作时间之间持续存在差距，并持续依赖加班。对于全职护士，实际工作时间始终比合同规定的工作时间多出 3-6 小时。对于兼职护士，实际和期望工作时间非常相似，表明能够控制劳动力参与度。
在研究的四分之一个世纪中，WHC 一直保持在较高水平，超过一半的护理劳动力处于过度就业状态。过度就业主要是由于加班造成的，全职护士的过度就业情况较高。研究结果可以为优化德国护理劳动力参与度的方案制定提供指导。
