Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Front Immunol. 2018 Aug 10;9:1860. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01860. eCollection 2018.
The induction of immunological memory, which is mediated by memory T and B cells, is central to adaptive protective immunity to pathogens induced by previous infection and is the cornerstone of effective vaccine design. Recent studies in mice have suggested that memory T cells that accumulate in tissues, termed tissue-resident memory T (T) cells, play a crucial role in maintaining long-term protective immunity to mucosal pathogens. CD4 and CD8 T cells can be induced following infection at mucosal sites or the skin, where they are maintained and poised to respond rapidly to reinfection with the same pathogen. T cells can also be generated by vaccination, but their induction is influenced by a number of factors, including the type of vaccine, the adjuvant, and the route of immunization. Live attenuated vaccines appear to be more effective than killed or subunit vaccines at inducing T cells and mucosal immunization, especially by intranasal route, is more effective than parenteral delivery. However, evidence is emerging that formulation of killed or subunit vaccines with novel adjuvants, especially those that generate Th1 and Th17 responses, can promote the induction of T cells. While T cells are also present at high number in mucosal tissues in humans, one of the challenge will be to develop methodologies for routine quantification of these cells in humans. Nevertheless, the identification of approaches for optimum induction of T cells in mice should assist in the design of more effective vaccines that sustain protective immunity against a range of human pathogens.
免疫记忆的诱导，由记忆 T 细胞和 B 细胞介导，是针对先前感染诱导的病原体适应性保护免疫的核心，也是有效疫苗设计的基石。最近在小鼠中的研究表明，在组织中积累的记忆 T 细胞，称为组织驻留记忆 T（T）细胞，在维持针对粘膜病原体的长期保护免疫方面发挥着关键作用。CD4 和 CD8 T 细胞可以在粘膜部位或皮肤感染后被诱导，在那里它们被维持并准备好对相同病原体的再感染迅速做出反应。T 细胞也可以通过疫苗接种产生，但它们的诱导受到多种因素的影响，包括疫苗类型、佐剂和免疫途径。活减毒疫苗似乎比灭活疫苗或亚单位疫苗更有效地诱导 T 细胞，粘膜免疫，特别是通过鼻腔途径，比肠外给药更有效。然而，有证据表明，用新型佐剂（特别是那些产生 Th1 和 Th17 反应的佐剂）对灭活疫苗或亚单位疫苗进行制剂可以促进 T 细胞的诱导。虽然 T 细胞在人类的粘膜组织中也以高数量存在，但一个挑战将是开发常规定量这些细胞的方法。尽管如此，确定在小鼠中最佳诱导 T 细胞的方法应该有助于设计更有效的疫苗，以维持针对一系列人类病原体的保护免疫。
