Sun Dong, Fekete Gusztáv, Mei Qichang, Gu Yaodong
Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary.
PeerJ. 2018 Aug 23;6:e5517. doi: 10.7717/peerj.5517. eCollection 2018.
Normative foot kinematic and kinetic data with different walking speeds will benefit rehabilitation programs and improving gait performance. The purpose of this study was to analyze foot kinematics and kinetics differences between slow walking (SW), normal walking (NW) and fast walking (FW) of healthy subjects.
A total of 10 healthy male subjects participated in this study; they were asked to carry out walks at a self-selected speed. After measuring and averaging the results of NW, the subjects were asked to perform a 25% slower and 25% faster walk, respectively. Temporal-spatial parameters, kinematics of the tibia (TB), hindfoot (HF), forefoot (FF) and hallux (HX), and ground reaction forces (GRFs) were recorded while the subjects walked at averaged speeds of 1.01 m/s (SW), 1.34 m/s (NW), and 1.68 m/s (FW).
Hindfoot relative to tibia (HF/TB) and forefoot relative to hindfoot (FF/HF) dorsiflexion (DF) increased in FW, while hallux relative to forefoot (HX/FF) DF decreased. Increased peak eversion (EV) and peak external rotation (ER) in HF/TB were observed in FW with decreased peak supination (SP) in FF/HF. GRFs were increased significantly with walking speed. The peak values of the knee and ankle moments in the sagittal and frontal planes significantly increased during FW compared with SW and NW.
Limited HF/TB and FF/HF motion of SW was likely compensated for increased HX/FF DF. Although small angle variation in HF/TB EV and FF/HF SP during FW may have profound effects for foot kinetics. Higher HF/TB ER contributed to the FF push-off the ground while the center of mass (COM) progresses forward in FW, therefore accompanied by higher FF/HF abduction in FW. Increased peak vertical GRF in FW may affected by decreased stance duration time, the biomechanical mechanism maybe the change in vertical COM height and increase leg stiffness. Walking speed changes accompanied with modulated sagittal plane ankle moments to alter the braking GRF during loading response. The findings of foot kinematics, GRFs, and lower limb joint moments among healthy males may set a reference to distinguish abnormal and pathological gait patterns.
不同步行速度下的足部规范运动学和动力学数据将有助于康复计划并改善步态表现。本研究的目的是分析健康受试者慢走（SW）、正常行走（NW）和快走（FW）之间的足部运动学和动力学差异。
共有10名健康男性受试者参与本研究；要求他们以自选速度行走。在测量并平均NW的结果后，要求受试者分别以慢25%和快25%的速度行走。记录受试者以平均速度1.01 m/s（SW）、1.34 m/s（NW）和1.68 m/s（FW）行走时的时空参数、胫骨（TB）、后足（HF）、前足（FF）和拇趾（HX）的运动学以及地面反作用力（GRF）。
在FW中，后足相对于胫骨（HF/TB）和前足相对于后足（FF/HF）的背屈（DF）增加，而拇趾相对于前足（HX/FF）的DF减少。在FW中观察到HF/TB的峰值外翻（EV）和峰值外旋（ER）增加，而FF/HF的峰值内旋（SP）减少。GRF随步行速度显著增加。与SW和NW相比，FW期间矢状面和额状面的膝关节和踝关节力矩峰值显著增加。
SW中有限的HF/TB和FF/HF运动可能通过增加HX/FF DF得到补偿。尽管FW期间HF/TB EV和FF/HF SP的小角度变化可能对足部动力学有深远影响。较高的HF/TB ER有助于在FW中随着质心（COM）向前推进时FF离地蹬地，因此FW中伴随着较高的FF/HF外展。FW中垂直GRF峰值增加可能受站立持续时间缩短的影响，生物力学机制可能是垂直COM高度的变化和腿部刚度的增加。步行速度变化伴随着矢状面踝关节力矩的调节，以改变加载反应期间的制动GRF。健康男性中足部运动学、GRF和下肢关节力矩的研究结果可能为区分异常和病理步态模式提供参考。
