Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix Hausdorff-Strasse 1, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany.
Bioessays. 2018 Nov;40(11):e1800069. doi: 10.1002/bies.201800069. Epub 2018 Aug 30.
Hyperplasia and hypertrophy are elements of phenotypic plasticity adjusting organ size and function. Because they are costly, we assume that they are beneficial. In this review, the authors discuss examples of tissue and organ systems that respond with plastic changes to osmotic stress to raise awareness that we do not always have sufficient experimental evidence to conclude that such processes provide fitness advantages. Changes in hydranth architecture in the hydroid Cordylophora caspia or variations in size in the anal papillae of insect larvae upon changes in medium salinity may be adaptive or not. The restructuring of salt glands in ducklings upon salt-loading is an example of phenotypic plasticity which indeed seems beneficial. As the genomes of model species are recently sequenced and the animals are easy to rear, these species are suitable study objects to investigate the biological significance of phenotypic plasticity and to study potential epigenetic and other mechanisms underlying phenotypic changes.
增生和肥大是调节器官大小和功能的表型可塑性的要素。由于它们是有代价的，我们假设它们是有益的。在这篇综述中，作者讨论了一些组织和器官系统的例子，它们对渗透胁迫做出了可塑性变化的反应，以提高我们的认识，即我们并不总是有足够的实验证据来得出这样的过程提供适应优势的结论。水螅 Cordylophora caspia 的水螅体结构的变化或昆虫幼虫肛乳头大小的变化，在介质盐度变化时，可能是适应的，也可能不是。在盐负荷下小鸭盐腺的结构重排是一种表型可塑性的例子，它确实似乎是有益的。由于模型物种的基因组最近被测序，并且这些动物易于饲养，因此这些物种是适合研究表型可塑性的生物学意义以及研究潜在的表观遗传和其他表型变化基础的机制的研究对象。
