Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Tyumen State University, 10 Semakova Str., 625003 Tyumen, Russia.
Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2018 Dec;129:182-188. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.08.012. Epub 2018 Aug 29.
The family Halacaridae comprises more than one thousand mostly marine or rarely freshwater species. Many are predacious, but among marine mites, some genera evolved the ability to feed on macroalgae. We inferred a time-calibrated phylogeny based on 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, and Cytochrome oxidase I (5,143 nt aligned) and all non-monotypic halacarid subfamilies plus a representative outgroup set (72 taxa). The family Halacaridae was rendered as the sister-group of Parasitengona, diverging 321.5, 264.0-381.3 Ma and radiating 271.3, 221.7-324.2 Ma (median, HPD). Thus, marine mites represent the oldest known extant animal lineage that secondarily invaded the sea, with the marine turtles being the second oldest such lineage (crown group 212.3, 194.9-231.4 Ma). Two freshwater mite lineages, represented by Limnohalacarus (219.2, 165.9-274.6) and Porohalacarus (175.3, 118.5-233.1), were inferred mutually non-monophyletic, suggesting two independent invasions to freshwater. The conventional subfamily Rhombognathinae (macroalgae feeders) was not recovered as monophyletic, with Metarhombognathus-Rhombognathides, restricted to the Northern Hemisphere, originating 177.5, 134.8-223.3 Ma and diversifying 88.3, 32.7-152.3 Ma. This is congruent to a previous hypothesis of their northern origin prior to the opening of the Norwegian Sea (58 Ma). Our phylogeny indicates the need for reclassification of the traditional subfamilies and suggests that previous molecular results (e.g., Rhombognathus deeply nested in Copidognathinae) is an analytical artifact due to a chimeric sequence.
Halacaridae 科包含一千多种主要是海洋或偶尔是淡水的物种。许多是捕食性的，但在海洋螨类中，有些属进化出了以大型藻类为食的能力。我们基于 18S rDNA、28S rDNA 和细胞色素氧化酶 I（5143nt 对齐）推断了一个时间校准的系统发育，并包含所有非单型的 Halacaridae 亚科以及一个代表外群的集合（72 个分类单元）。Halacaridae 科被认为是 Parasitengona 的姐妹群，分歧于 321.5、264.0-381.3 Ma 并辐射于 271.3、221.7-324.2 Ma（中位数，HPD）。因此，海洋螨类代表了已知最古老的二次入侵海洋的现存动物谱系，而海洋龟类是第二古老的此类谱系（冠群 212.3、194.9-231.4 Ma）。两个淡水螨类谱系，代表物种为 Limnohalacarus（219.2、165.9-274.6）和 Porohalacarus（175.3、118.5-233.1），被推断为非单系的，表明它们是两次独立地入侵到淡水环境。传统的亚科 Rhombognathinae（以大型藻类为食）没有被恢复为单系，北半球特有的 Metarhombognathus-Rhombognathides 起源于 177.5、134.8-223.3 Ma，并于 88.3、32.7-152.3 Ma 多样化。这与它们在挪威海（58 Ma）开放之前起源于北方的先前假设相一致。我们的系统发育表明需要对传统的亚科进行重新分类，并表明先前的分子结果（例如，Rhombognathus 深深地嵌套在 Copidognathinae 中）是由于嵌合体序列而产生的分析假象。
