Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121, Padova, Italy.
J Clin Virol. 2018 Oct;107:38-47. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.08.007. Epub 2018 Aug 23.
During the last decades, arboviruses that are endemic in Europe have expanded their geographic range and caused an increasing number of human outbreaks. These viruses include West Nile virus, which is expanding its area of circulation in central and southern Europe; Usutu virus, with increasing evidence of a role in human disease; tick-borne encephalitis virus, which is being detected in northern areas and at higher altitudes as a consequence of climate warming; Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, which is endemic in Eastern Europe and the Middle East, but has been recently detected in Spain; other viruses, such as California encephalitis virus antigenic group, which circulate in northern and central Europe but whose relevance for human disease in largely unknown. In addition, the rise in global travel and trade has posed Europe to an increased risk of introduction and expansion of exotic arthropod vectors and autochthonous transmission of arboviruses, like dengue and chikungunya viruses, following new introductions from endemic areas. Implementation of integrated arbovirus surveillance programs has been crucial to adopt proper control measures. The identification of emerging outbreaks is however challenging and requires a high degree of awareness and laboratory capacity, especially for the most neglected but potentially threatening pathogens.
在过去几十年中，在欧洲流行的虫媒病毒已经扩大了它们的地理范围，并导致越来越多的人类疫情爆发。这些病毒包括西尼罗河病毒，它正在扩大其在欧洲中部和南部的传播范围；乌苏图病毒，越来越多的证据表明它在人类疾病中起作用；随着气候变暖，蜱传脑炎病毒在北部地区和高海拔地区被检测到；克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒在东欧和中东流行，但最近在西班牙也有发现；还有其他病毒，如加利福尼亚脑炎病毒抗原组，在北欧和中欧流行，但它们对人类疾病的相关性在很大程度上尚不清楚。此外，全球旅行和贸易的增加使欧洲面临着外来节肢动物媒介的引入和传播以及虫媒病毒（如登革热和基孔肯雅热病毒）的本地传播的风险增加，这些病毒是从流行地区新引入的。实施综合虫媒病毒监测计划对于采取适当的控制措施至关重要。然而，新发疫情的识别具有挑战性，需要高度的意识和实验室能力，特别是对于最被忽视但具有潜在威胁的病原体。
