Left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium: Clinical entities, diagnosis and surgical treatment.

Left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium in the absence of coronary sinus is an anomaly that can appear in heterotaxy syndrome and unroofed coronary sinus syndrome. Regardless of the origin of these syndromes, biventricular repair can be done through rerouting by intracardiac procedures or through disconnection-reconnection of the left superior vena cava to the right atrium or right superior vena cava by extracardiac procedures. Different techniques can be used for this purpose, each of which has its own advantages and limitations. Therefore, appropriate selection is necessary to obtain the best results for each patient, and many factors, such as patient anatomy, age, associated cardiomyopathies, etc., have to be considered. In this review, we focus on heterotaxy and unroofed coronary sinus syndromes, associated cardiomyopathies, the state-of-the-art in their surgical treatment and our results in a sample of 10 patients. Our experience highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis and specific selection of surgical technique for the management of biventricular repair in patients with left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium in the absence of coronary sinus.