Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States; BioSciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, United States.
Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States; BioSciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, United States.
Curr Opin Microbiol. 2018 Aug;44:79-87. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.08.003. Epub 2018 Sep 5.
The human body comprises of micro-ecosystem made up of trillions of microbes (i.e. bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists and viruses). The total microbial gene content, which is referred to as the human microbiome, is fundamental to human physiology and immunity. There exists an intricate relationship between the surrounding microbial world (i.e. the environment) and the endogenous human microbiome, mediated by the immune system. Disrupting this relationship can a profound effect on human health and disease. Understanding how microbial exposure influences immune response and the feedback on endogenous microbial metabolic activity could have profound implications for the development of novel microbial therapeutics. The term 'microbial exposure' is used generally to refer to exogenous environmental microbial interaction, while 'exposome' accounts for both the environmental exposures and the impact of lifestyle-associated microbial impacts, such as diet influences on endogenous microbial metabolism. In this review, we focus on how environment and lifestyle-associated microbial exposures shape the human immune system and microbiome, and how the resulting changes can shape human health, especially during critical developmental windows, that is prenatal, postnatal and adult. We conclude this review by proposing approaches to characterize the microbial exposome so as to accelerate the development of a precision microbial therapeutics for both practical and clinical intervention.
人体由由数万亿微生物（即细菌、古菌、真菌、原生生物和病毒）组成的微生态系统构成。被称为人类微生物组的总微生物基因含量是人类生理学和免疫的基础。周围微生物世界（即环境）与内源性人类微生物组之间存在着复杂的关系，免疫系统在其中起着介导作用。破坏这种关系会对人类健康和疾病产生深远的影响。了解微生物暴露如何影响免疫反应以及对内源性微生物代谢活动的反馈，可能对新型微生物治疗的发展产生深远的影响。“微生物暴露”一词通常用于指外源性环境微生物相互作用，而“暴露组”则包括环境暴露以及与生活方式相关的微生物影响（如饮食对内源性微生物代谢的影响）的影响。在这篇综述中，我们重点关注环境和与生活方式相关的微生物暴露如何塑造人类免疫系统和微生物组，以及由此产生的变化如何塑造人类健康，特别是在关键的发育窗口期，即产前、产后和成人期。我们最后提出了一种描述微生物暴露组的方法，以期加速实用和临床干预的精确微生物治疗的发展。
