Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
New Belgium Brewing Company, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Food Res Int. 2018 Nov;113:487-504. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.07.024. Epub 2018 Jul 18.
Beverage quality in the brewing industry is heavily influenced by ingredient properties. The contribution of raw ingredients such as yeast and hops to beer flavor is well understood. However, the influence of barley genotype and/or environment on flavor (the malt 'source') is largely unexplored. Here, a study was performed to determine (i) if there are metabolite differences among six commercial malt sources, (ii) if differences in malt chemistry are reflected in the chemistry of the beer, and (iii) if the differences in the beer chemistry impact sensory attributes of beer, through flavor and flavor stability. Six distinct sources of malts (six varieties from three maltsters) were brewed into six beers using a recipe designed to evaluate differences in flavor. Metabolomics and ionomics was used to characterize chemical variation among the six malts and beers using UHPLC- and HILIC-MS (non-volatile metabolites), HS-SPME/GC-MS (beer volatiles), and ICP-MS (malt metals). These analyses detected a total of 5042 compounds in malt, of which 217 were annotated and included amines, amino acids, fatty acids/lipids/fatty acyls, saccharides/glucosides/sugar acids/sugar alcohols, carboxylic acid derivatives, organic acids, phenolics/benzenoids, purines, pyrimidines/pyridines, terpenes, and organosulfurs. A total of 4568 compounds were detected in beer, of which 246 were annotated and included esters, aldehydes, and alcohols. Statistical analysis revealed chemical variation among the six malts (50/217 malt metabolites varied) and beers (150/246). The six beers were evaluated for flavor using a modified descriptive analysis for 45 sensory traits at 0, 4, and 8 weeks of storage at 4 °C. Principal component analysis of the sensory data revealed flavor differences among the six beers at 8 weeks, and the malt-type Full Pint was described as fruity and Meredith as corn chip. The metabolite and sensory data were integrated and revealed associations between flavor profiles in beer and the annotated malt and beer. The fruity or corn chip flavor profiles in beer were associated beer purines/pyrimidines, volatile ketones, amines, and phenolics, and malt lipids, saccharides, phenols, amines, and alkaloids. Taken together, these data support a role of malt source in beer flavor and flavor stability. As a raw ingredient, malting barley genotypes can be evaluated for a contribution to flavor, and this may be a future target for plant breeding, agronomy, and malting efforts to selectively improve flavor, flavor stability, and quality in beer.
在酿造行业,饮料的质量受到成分特性的极大影响。酵母和啤酒花等原料对啤酒风味的贡献已得到充分理解。然而,大麦基因型和/或环境对风味(麦芽“来源”)的影响在很大程度上仍未得到探索。在这里,进行了一项研究以确定:(i)六种商业麦芽来源之间是否存在代谢物差异;(ii)麦芽化学差异是否反映在啤酒的化学性质中;以及(iii)啤酒化学性质的差异是否会影响啤酒的感官属性,包括风味和风味稳定性。使用专为评估风味差异而设计的配方,将六种不同来源的麦芽(三种麦芽商的六种品种)酿造为六种啤酒。采用 UHPLC 和 HILIC-MS(非挥发性代谢物)、HS-SPME/GC-MS(啤酒挥发性化合物)和 ICP-MS(麦芽金属)对六种麦芽和啤酒中的化学变化进行了代谢组学和离子组学研究。这些分析在麦芽中总共检测到 5042 种化合物,其中 217 种被注释,包括胺、氨基酸、脂肪酸/脂质/脂肪酸酰基、糖/糖苷/糖酸/糖醇、羧酸衍生物、有机酸、酚类/苯并类、嘌呤、嘧啶/吡啶、萜类化合物和有机硫。在啤酒中总共检测到 4568 种化合物,其中 246 种被注释,包括酯、醛和醇。统计分析显示六种麦芽(50/217 种麦芽代谢物存在差异)和六种啤酒(150/246 种啤酒代谢物存在差异)之间存在化学差异。使用改良的描述性分析,对 45 种感官特性进行了 45 种啤酒的风味评估,这些啤酒在 4°C 下储存 0、4 和 8 周。感官数据的主成分分析表明,在 8 周时,六种啤酒的风味存在差异,并且全品脱麦芽型被描述为果味,梅雷迪思被描述为玉米片。对代谢物和感官数据进行了整合,揭示了啤酒中风味特征与注释麦芽和啤酒之间的关联。啤酒中的果味或玉米片风味特征与啤酒中的嘌呤/嘧啶、挥发性酮、胺和酚类以及麦芽中的脂质、糖、酚类、胺类和生物碱有关。综上所述,这些数据支持麦芽来源在啤酒风味和风味稳定性中的作用。作为一种原料,可评估制麦大麦基因型对风味的贡献,这可能是未来植物育种、农艺和制麦工作的目标,以有选择地提高啤酒的风味、风味稳定性和质量。
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