All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Brewing, Beverage and Wine Industry-Branch of V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems, 119021 Moscow, Russia.
Academic Department of Commodity Science and Commodity Expertise, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
Molecules. 2023 Mar 1;28(5):2295. doi: 10.3390/molecules28052295.
BACKGROUND: The present article considers the influence of malt with various adjuncts on beer organic compounds and taste profile composition, with more attention paid to the phenol complex change. The topic under consideration is relevant since it studies the interactions of phenolic compounds with other biomolecules, and expands the understanding of the adjuncts organic compounds contribution and their joint effect on beer quality. METHODS: Samples of beer were analyzed at a pilot brewery using barley and wheat malts, barley, rice, corn and wheat, and then fermented. The beer samples were assessed by industry-accepted methods and using instrumental analysis methods (high-performance liquid chromatography methods-HPLC). The obtained statistical data were processed by the Statistics program (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA, 2006). RESULTS: The study showed that at the stage of hopped wort organic compounds structure formation, there is a clear correlation between the content of organic compounds and dry substances, including phenolic compounds (quercetin, catechins), as well as isomerized hop bitter resines. It is shown that the riboflavin content increases in all adjunct wort samples, and mostly with the use of rice-up to 4.33 mg/L, which is 9.4 times higher than the vitamin levels in malt wort. The melanoidin content in the samples was in the range of 125-225 mg/L and its levels in the wort with additives exceeded the malt wort. Changes in β-glucan and nitrogen with thiol groups during fermentation occurred with different dynamics and depending on the adjunct's proteome. The greatest decrease in non-starch polysaccharide content was observed in wheat beer and nitrogen with thiol groups content-in all other beer samples. The change in iso-α-humulone in all samples at the beginning of fermentation correlated with a decrease in original extract, and in the finished beer there was no correlation. The behavior of catechins, quercetin, and iso-α-humulone has been shown to correlate with nitrogen with thiol groups during fermentation. A strong correlation was shown between the change in iso-α-humulone and catechins, as well as riboflavin and quercetin. It was established that various phenolic compounds were involved in the formation of taste, structure, and antioxidant properties of beer in accordance with the structure of various grains, depending on the structure of its proteome. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained experimental and mathematical dependences make it possible to expand the understanding of intermolecular interactions of beer organic compounds and take a step toward predicting the quality of beer at the stage of using adjuncts.
背景:本文研究了不同辅料麦芽对啤酒有机化合物和口味组成的影响,重点关注酚类复合物的变化。考虑到该主题研究了酚类化合物与其他生物分子的相互作用,并扩展了对辅料有机化合物贡献及其对啤酒质量的联合影响的理解,因此该主题具有相关性。
方法:在一家试点啤酒厂,使用大麦和小麦麦芽、大麦、大米、玉米和小麦发酵啤酒样品。使用行业认可的方法和仪器分析方法(高效液相色谱法-HPLC)对啤酒样品进行评估。使用 Statistics 程序(Microsoft Corporation,Redmond,WA,USA,2006)处理获得的统计数据。
结果:研究表明,在加香麦汁有机化合物结构形成阶段,有机化合物(槲皮素、儿茶素)和异构化酒花苦味树脂的含量与干物质之间存在明显的相关性。结果表明,所有辅料麦汁的核黄素含量增加,而使用大米的核黄素含量增加最多,达到 4.33mg/L,比麦芽麦汁中的维生素水平高 9.4 倍。样品中类黑素的含量在 125-225mg/L 范围内,其含量在添加辅料的麦汁中高于麦芽麦汁。发酵过程中β-葡聚糖和含硫基团的氮发生变化,其动力学取决于辅料的蛋白质组。在小麦啤酒中观察到非淀粉多糖含量下降最大,而在所有其他啤酒样品中观察到含硫基团氮含量下降最大。发酵开始时所有样品中异-α-葎草酮的变化与原始提取物的减少相关,而在成品啤酒中则没有相关性。儿茶素、槲皮素和异-α-葎草酮的行为已显示与发酵过程中含硫基团的氮有关。异-α-葎草酮与儿茶素以及核黄素与槲皮素之间表现出很强的相关性。结果表明,各种酚类化合物根据其蛋白质组的结构,与各种谷物的结构一致,参与了啤酒的口味、结构和抗氧化特性的形成。
结论:获得的实验和数学相关性使人们能够扩展对啤酒有机化合物分子间相互作用的理解,并朝着在使用辅料阶段预测啤酒质量的方向迈出一步。
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