1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
2 Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018 Nov;159(5):933-937. doi: 10.1177/0194599818797586. Epub 2018 Sep 11.
The surgeon's knowledge of a patient's individual anatomy is critical in skull base surgery. Trainees and experienced surgeons can benefit from surgical simulation; however, current models are expensive and impractical for widespread use. In this study, we report a next-generation mixed-reality surgical simulator. We segmented critical anatomic structures for 3-dimensional (3D) models to develop a modular teaching tool. We then developed a navigation tracking system utilizing a 3D-printed endoscope as a trackable virtual-reality (VR) controller and validated the accuracy on VR and 3D-printed skull models within 1 cm. We combined VR and augmented-reality visual cues with our 3D physical model to simulate sinus endoscopy and highlight segmented structures in real time. This report provides evidence that a mixed-reality simulator combining VR and 3D-printed models is feasible and may prove useful as an educational tool that is low cost and customizable.
外科医生对患者个体解剖结构的了解对于颅底手术至关重要。培训医生和有经验的外科医生可以从手术模拟中受益；然而，当前的模型昂贵且不切实际，无法广泛使用。在这项研究中，我们报告了一种下一代混合现实手术模拟器。我们对关键解剖结构进行了分割，以建立 3 维（3D）模型，从而开发出一个模块化的教学工具。然后，我们开发了一种导航跟踪系统，利用 3D 打印的内窥镜作为可追踪的虚拟现实（VR）控制器，并在 VR 和 3D 打印的颅骨模型上验证了在 1 厘米内的准确性。我们将 VR 和增强现实视觉提示与我们的 3D 物理模型相结合，以模拟鼻窦内窥镜检查并实时突出显示分割结构。本报告提供的证据表明，结合 VR 和 3D 打印模型的混合现实模拟器是可行的，并且可能作为一种低成本且可定制的教育工具证明是有用的。
