Ecke U, Klimek L, Müller W, Ziegler R, Mann W
Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Mainz University Hospital, Germany.
Comput Aided Surg. 1998;3(1):45-50. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0150(1998)3:1<45::AID-IGS7>3.0.CO;2-L.
Endonasal sinus surgery requires a great deal of training before it can be performed adequately. Due to the complex and variable anatomy and the proximity of important structures, severe complications are possible, even for experienced surgeons. The nasal endoscopy simulator (NES) is an interactive training system for nasal endoscopy and endonasal sinus surgery that combines computer graphics and virtual reality (VR) techniques. This system consists of a graphics workstation, a tracking system for measuring the position of the endoscope and surgical instruments in space, a head model, image data sets of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus area, and complementary software. The current NES is a visual and auditory VR system that provides both educational and planning options for sinus surgery. The usual resistance when touching relevant anatomical structures is not provided by this release. Therefore, a "force feedback system" is implemented that allows for such a response. VR simulation will become an important part of surgical education and planning for individual sinus surgery procedures. The ongoing development of the NES will lead to an improved educational environment for residents in training and practitioners.
鼻内鼻窦手术在能够充分开展之前需要大量的训练。由于解剖结构复杂多变且重要结构位置临近，即便对于经验丰富的外科医生而言，严重并发症仍有可能发生。鼻内镜模拟器（NES）是一种用于鼻内镜检查和鼻内鼻窦手术的交互式训练系统，它结合了计算机图形学和虚拟现实（VR）技术。该系统由一个图形工作站、一个用于测量内镜和手术器械在空间中位置的跟踪系统、一个头部模型、鼻腔和鼻窦区域的图像数据集以及配套软件组成。当前的NES是一个视觉和听觉虚拟现实系统，为鼻窦手术提供了教育和规划选项。此次发布的版本并未提供触摸相关解剖结构时通常会有的阻力。因此，实施了一种“力反馈系统”，以实现这种反馈。虚拟现实模拟将成为个体鼻窦手术操作的外科教育和规划的重要组成部分。NES的持续发展将为实习医生和从业者带来更好的教育环境。
