Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom; email:
Annu Rev Genet. 2018 Nov 23;52:249-270. doi: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120417-031217. Epub 2018 Sep 12.
One of the most remarkable examples of convergent evolution is the transition from C to C photosynthesis, an event that occurred on over 60 independent occasions. The evolution of C is particularly noteworthy because of the complexity of the developmental and metabolic changes that took place. In most cases, compartmentalized metabolic reactions were facilitated by the development of a distinct leaf anatomy known as Kranz. C Kranz anatomy differs from ancestral C anatomy with respect to vein spacing patterns across the leaf, cell-type specification around veins, and cell-specific organelle function. Here we review our current understanding of how Kranz anatomy evolved and how it develops, with a focus on studies that are dissecting the underlying genetic mechanisms. This research field has gained prominence in recent years because understanding the genetic regulation of Kranz may enable the C-to-C transition to be engineered, an endeavor that would significantly enhance crop productivity.
趋同进化最显著的例子之一是从 C 到 C 光合作用的转变，这一事件发生在 60 多个独立的场合。C 的进化特别值得注意，因为发生了复杂的发育和代谢变化。在大多数情况下，通过发展一种称为 Kranz 的独特叶片解剖结构来促进分区代谢反应。C Kranz 解剖结构与祖先 C 解剖结构在叶片上的叶脉间距模式、叶脉周围的细胞类型特化以及细胞特异性细胞器功能方面有所不同。在这里，我们回顾了我们对 Kranz 解剖结构如何进化以及如何发育的理解，重点介绍了正在剖析潜在遗传机制的研究。近年来，这个研究领域越来越受到关注，因为了解 Kranz 的遗传调控可能使 C 到 C 的转变得以设计，这一努力将显著提高作物的生产力。
