Gimmel Angela, Hoby Stefan, Deillon Laura, von Houwald Friederike, Schweizer Roland, Kölln Mareike, Ratert Christine, Liesegang Annette
J Zoo Wildl Med. 2018 Sep;49(3):704-714. doi: 10.1638/2017-0011.1.
The objective of this study was to determine the major nutrient composition of Indian rhinoceros milk ( Rhinoceros unicornis) over the first 13 mo of an 18-mo lactation period and to compare the results to those of previous studies on rhinoceros, African elephant ( Loxodonta africana), and horse milk ( Equus ferus caballus). The following parameters were measured: dry matter (DM), crude ash (ASH), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), nitrogen-free extract (NFE; calculated), lactose, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), fatty acids (FAs), and gross energy (GE). DM, ASH, CP, and EE were determined with a proximate analysis, lactose with infrared spectroscopy and an enzymatic method, minerals with an autoanalyzer, FA with gas chromatography, and GE with bomb calorimetry. Milk samples were collected from two Indian rhinoceros cows from Zoo Basel. Rhino A gave birth to her third calf on 10 September 2012; three samples were collected and analyzed (colostrum, milk 1 wk and 2 wk postpartum). Rhino B gave birth to her eighth calf on 05 October 2013; samples were collected and 15 were chosen for the analyses (from colostrum to 13 mo postpartum). The composition of rhino B's colostrum was 13.8% DM (wet-weight basis), 4.8% ASH, 61.8% CP, 0.7% EE, 32.6% NFE, 26.7% lactose, 0.59% Ca, 0.54% P, 0.2% Mg (DM basis), and 20.3 MJ GE/kg DM. Rhino B's sample collected 13 mo postpartum averaged 8.0% DM (wet-weight basis), 3.6% ASH, 16.3% CP, 1.8% EE, 78.3% NFE, 84.7% lactose, 0.54% Ca, 0.48% P, 0.09% Mg (on DM basis), and 17.43 MJ GE/kg DM. The main FAs in rhino B's and rhino A's samples were C10 : 0, C12 : 0, C16 : 0, C18 : 1n9c, and C18 : 2n6c. Milk of the Indian rhinoceros is low in fat and protein but high in lactose, which is comparable to the milk composition of other rhinoceros species and horses, but not African elephants.
本研究的目的是确定印度犀（独角犀）在18个月泌乳期的前13个月内乳汁的主要营养成分，并将结果与之前关于犀牛、非洲象（非洲草原象）和马奶（家马）的研究结果进行比较。测量了以下参数：干物质（DM）、粗灰分（ASH）、粗蛋白（CP）、乙醚提取物（EE）、无氮提取物（NFE；计算得出）、乳糖、钙（Ca）、磷（P）、镁（Mg）、脂肪酸（FAs）和总能（GE）。DM、ASH、CP和EE通过近似分析测定，乳糖通过红外光谱法和酶法测定，矿物质通过自动分析仪测定，脂肪酸通过气相色谱法测定，总能通过弹式量热法测定。从巴塞尔动物园的两头印度犀母牛采集了乳汁样本。犀牛A于2012年9月10日产下第三头小牛；采集并分析了三个样本（初乳、产后1周和2周的乳汁）。犀牛B于2013年10月5日产下第八头小牛；采集了样本并选择了15个进行分析（从初乳到产后13个月）。犀牛B初乳的成分（湿重基础）为：DM 13.8%、ASH 4.8%、CP 61.8%、EE 0.7%、NFE 32.6%、乳糖26.7%、Ca 0.59%、P 0.54%、Mg 0.2%（DM基础），GE 20.3 MJ/kg DM。犀牛B产后13个月采集的样本平均为：DM 8.0%（湿重基础）、ASH 3.6%、CP 16.3%、EE 1.8%、NFE 78.3%、乳糖84.7%、Ca 0.54%、P 0.48%、Mg 0.09%（DM基础），GE 17.43 MJ/kg DM。犀牛B和犀牛A样本中的主要脂肪酸为C10 : 0、C12 : 0、C16 : 0、C18 : 1n9c和C18 : 2n6c。印度犀的乳汁脂肪和蛋白质含量低，但乳糖含量高，这与其他犀牛物种和马的乳汁成分相当，但与非洲象不同。
