Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.
Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.
Neurobiol Dis. 2019 Aug;128:59-66. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.09.008. Epub 2018 Sep 10.
Cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) are interconnected with all the basal ganglia structures, as well as with motor centers in the brainstem and medulla. Recent theories put into question whether PPN cholinergic neurons form part of a locomotor region that directly regulates the motor output, and rather suggest a modulatory role in adaptive behavior involving both motor and cognitive functions. In support of this, experimental studies in animals suggest that cholinergic neurons reinforce actions by signaling reward prediction and shape adaptations in behavior during changes of environmental contingencies. This is further supported by clinical studies proposing that decreased cholinergic transmission originated in the PPN is associated with impaired sensorimotor integration and perseverant behavior, giving rise to some of the symptoms observed in Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. Altogether, the evidence suggests that cholinergic neurons of the PPN, mainly through their interactions with the basal ganglia, have a leading role in action control.
被盖核中的胆碱能神经元与基底神经节的所有结构相互连接，也与脑干和延髓中的运动中枢相互连接。最近的理论对被盖核中的胆碱能神经元是否构成直接调节运动输出的运动区域的一部分提出了质疑，而是提示它们在涉及运动和认知功能的适应性行为中发挥调节作用。支持这一观点的是，动物实验研究表明，胆碱能神经元通过信号传递奖励预测来强化动作，并在环境关联变化时塑造行为适应。这进一步得到了临床研究的支持，这些研究表明，起源于被盖核的胆碱能传递减少与感觉运动整合受损和持续行为有关，导致帕金森病和进行性核上性麻痹中观察到的一些症状。总的来说，这些证据表明，被盖核中的胆碱能神经元主要通过与基底神经节的相互作用，在动作控制中发挥主导作用。
