CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
Biomolecules. 2018 Sep 14;8(3):94. doi: 10.3390/biom8030094.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to several pathophysiological processes and appear as emerging targets for disease diagnosis and therapy. However, successful translation from bench to bedside requires deeper understanding of EVs, in particular their diversity, composition, biogenesis and shedding mechanisms. In this review, we focus on plasma membrane-derived microvesicles (MVs), far less appreciated than exosomes. We integrate documented mechanisms involved in MV biogenesis and shedding, focusing on the red blood cell as a model. We then provide a perspective for the relevance of plasma membrane lipid composition and biophysical properties in microvesiculation on red blood cells but also platelets, immune and nervous cells as well as tumor cells. Although only a few data are available in this respect, most of them appear to converge to the idea that modulation of plasma membrane lipid content, transversal asymmetry and lateral heterogeneity in lipid domains may play a significant role in the vesiculation process. We suggest that lipid domains may represent platforms for inclusion/exclusion of membrane lipids and proteins into MVs and that MVs could originate from distinct domains during physiological processes and disease evolution.
细胞外囊泡 (EVs) 参与多种病理生理过程，并且作为疾病诊断和治疗的新兴靶点出现。然而，要将实验室研究成功转化为临床应用，就需要对 EVs 有更深入的了解，特别是它们的多样性、组成、生物发生和释放机制。在这篇综述中，我们重点关注了细胞膜衍生的微囊泡 (MVs)，它们比外泌体的研究要少得多。我们整合了涉及 MV 生物发生和释放的已有机制，重点关注红细胞作为模型。然后，我们从红细胞、血小板、免疫和神经细胞以及肿瘤细胞等方面的角度，探讨了细胞膜脂质组成和生物物理特性在微囊泡化过程中的相关性。尽管这方面的可用数据很少，但大多数数据似乎都表明，调节细胞膜脂质含量、脂质域的横向不对称性和横向异质性可能在囊泡化过程中发挥重要作用。我们提出脂质域可能是将膜脂质和蛋白质纳入 MV 的平台，并且 MV 可能是在生理过程和疾病演变过程中从不同的域起源的。
