Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition (EEZ, CSIC), Granada 18008, Spain.
Poult Sci. 2019 Feb 1;98(2):695-706. doi: 10.3382/ps/pey416.
The strong selection in search for a higher growth rate in broilers has resulted in adverse effects such as metabolic disorders, low responsiveness of the immune system, and decreased resistance to pathogens. On the other hand, newly hatched chicks rely mostly on innate immune responses until their gut gets colonized with microbiota. In consequence, early access to active substances or bacteria (pre- and post-hatch) is particularly relevant here because in broilers much of the immune system development occurs early in life. Therefore, early stimulation of beneficial microflora is critical, as it affects, to a great extent, the entire life-span of an individual, and also because the nutritional manipulations of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiome to enhance productivity and health are rather limited by the resilience of the ecosystem once established in the chicken´s gut. Early life or developmental programming is based on the assumption that the development of diseases later in life can be modulated by perturbations or environmental exposures during critical pre- or early post-natal life. Substances such as plant derivatives, Na butyrate, pre- and probiotics, and β-glucans have been shown to induce beneficial microbiological and immunological changes within the GIT, and therefore are potential candidates to be used as tools to manipulate GIT functionality in the young chicken. Accordingly, substances as these might represent promising candidates to study intestinal microbiota/immune system modulation in broilers´ early stages of breeding. In ovo-delivered prebiotics and synbiotics have been shown to have no adverse effect on the development of the immune system in exposed chickens, while being able to affect lymphoid-organs' morphology in chickens. In ovo procedures have also been proposed as means of promoting a healthy microflora in embryonic guts and stimulating maturation of the cellular and humoral immune responses in central and peripheral immune organs, including those in the GIT. The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the potential usefulness of the instruments currently available to induce early life programming in broilers.
肉鸡在追求更高生长速度的过程中经历了强烈的选择，导致了代谢紊乱、免疫系统反应低下和对病原体的抵抗力下降等不良影响。另一方面，刚孵化的小鸡主要依赖先天免疫反应，直到它们的肠道被微生物定植。因此，早期接触活性物质或细菌（孵化前和孵化后）尤为重要，因为在肉鸡中，大部分免疫系统发育发生在生命早期。因此，早期刺激有益微生物群至关重要，因为它在很大程度上影响个体的整个生命周期，而且由于胃肠道（GIT）微生物组的营养操作来提高生产力和健康的效果受到建立在鸡肠道中的生态系统的弹性的限制。早期生活或发育编程基于这样一种假设，即后期生活中的疾病发展可以通过关键的产前或产后生命期间的干扰或环境暴露来调节。已经表明，植物衍生物、Na 丁酸酯、预生物和β-葡聚糖等物质可以诱导 GIT 内有益的微生物和免疫变化，因此是作为工具来操纵小鸡 GIT 功能的潜在候选物。因此，这些物质可能代表研究肉鸡早期繁殖阶段肠道微生物群/免疫系统调节的有前途的候选物。已经表明，在鸡暴露的情况下，向鸡胚中递送的益生元和合生元对免疫系统的发育没有不良影响，同时能够影响鸡的淋巴器官形态。还提出了向胚胎肠道中促进健康微生物群并刺激中枢和外周免疫器官（包括 GIT 中的免疫器官）中细胞和体液免疫反应成熟的胚胎中进行程序处理，作为促进健康微生物群的手段。本演讲的目的是讨论目前可用于诱导肉鸡早期生活编程的工具的潜在用途。
