Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
LABERCA, Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne-Loire, 44307, Nantes, France.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2018 Nov;121:504-518. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.039. Epub 2018 Sep 21.
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi that may contaminate different foods intended for human consumption, resulting in a widespread exposure worldwide. The novel exposome paradigm has the ambition to decipher the different environmental insults threating human health throughout the entire lifespan. Given the large potential impact of mycotoxins in terms of human exposure and related health effects, the ambition of this review is to present this group of chemical compounds and the high interest to be included in exposome projects. Furthermore, we also attempt to approach the novel exposome paradigm to more traditional disciplines such as mycotoxin exposure assessment and mycotoxicology, introducing the new methodological challenges and translational needs. Hence, we provide an overview of major biomarkers currently developed, biological matrices where these may be found, an overview of internal exposure levels and potential co-occurrence with environmental chemicals and finally an overview of major health effects with the illustrative example of the potent xenoestrogen zearalenol. Conversely, these new approaches may be an excellent opportunity to fill many research gaps on mycotoxins research as the identification of associations with human health, elucidation of join effect with other environmental exposures or the decipher of underlying molecular mechanisms by using advanced OMICs technologies.
真菌产生的次生代谢物称为霉菌毒素，可能会污染供人类食用的各种不同食物，从而在全球范围内造成广泛的暴露。新型暴露组学范式旨在阐明威胁人类整个生命周期健康的各种环境危害。鉴于霉菌毒素在人类暴露和相关健康影响方面的巨大潜在影响，本综述的目的是介绍这组化合物以及将其纳入暴露组学项目的高度兴趣。此外，我们还尝试将新型暴露组学范式应用于霉菌毒素暴露评估和真菌毒素学等传统学科，介绍新的方法学挑战和转化需求。因此，我们提供了当前开发的主要生物标志物、可能发现这些标志物的生物基质、内部暴露水平概述以及与环境化学物质的潜在共同存在情况概述，最后以强效的外源性雌激素玉米赤霉烯酮为例概述了主要的健康影响。相反，这些新方法可能是填补霉菌毒素研究许多研究空白的绝佳机会，例如确定与人类健康的关联、阐明与其他环境暴露的联合效应，或利用先进的 OMICS 技术阐明潜在的分子机制。
