Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
PLoS One. 2018 Sep 27;13(9):e0204548. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204548. eCollection 2018.
The walk and trot are inherently symmetrical gaits, making them potentially suitable for the detection of left-right asymmetries. The aims of this study were to describe asymmetrical vertical excursions of the withers at walk in non-lame high-level dressage horses and to seek associations between these asymmetric movements and other kinematic variables and vertical ground reaction forces (vGRFs). Seven dressage horses, judged clinically as being sound, walked unridden and unrestrained on a treadmill with an integrated force measuring system (480 Hz), from which spatiotemporal and vGRF variables were extracted. Markers were tracked by 12 infrared cameras (240 Hz). The vertical position of the sixth thoracic vertebra (T6), limb protraction and retraction distances throughout stance, and global limb lengths were determined. Contralateral trial-mean differences were calculated, including difference in T6 minimum vertical position between contralateral steps (T6minDiff). Mixed models were used to study associations between symmetry parameters. Trial-mean T6minDiff ranged between 0.3-23 mm. Of the seven horses, five consistently dropped the withers more in early left forelimb stance, one was fairly symmetrical, and one dropped the withers more in early right forelimb stance. Comparisons between contralateral limbs showed the following associations. The forelimb that was retracted when T6min was lowest showed greater retraction at toe-off (1 mm increase predicted 0.17 mm T6minDiff increase) and shorter stance duration (1 ms decrease predicted 0.3 mm T6minDiff increase). The hind limb that was in midstance when T6min was lowest showed a greater range of motion during the stance phase (1 mm increase in protraction or retraction predicted 0.2 mm T6minDiff increase). The haunches were displaced away from the side of the forelimb that was protracted when T6min was lowest (1 mm lateral shift predicted 0.07 mm T6minDiff increase). Forelimb and hind limb vGRF parameters were non-significant. Asymmetry of vertical withers movement in horses assessed as being sound at trot was related to a complex pattern of asymmetries in spatiotemporal variables throughout the stride cycle rather than to vertical load redistribution between the forelimbs. This suggests that the asymmetry may be due to inherent laterality rather than weight-bearing lameness.
马在行走和小跑时步态是对称的,这使得它们有可能适合检测左右不对称。本研究的目的是描述非跛行高级盛装舞步马在行走时的肩隆垂直摆动的不对称性,并寻找这些不对称运动与其他运动学变量和垂直地面反作用力(vGRF)之间的关联。七匹盛装舞步马在装有集成力测量系统(480 Hz)的跑步机上无骑手、无约束地自由行走,从中提取时空和 vGRF 变量。通过 12 个红外摄像机(240 Hz)跟踪标记。确定第六胸椎(T6)的垂直位置、整个支撑阶段的肢体伸展和回缩距离以及整个肢体长度。计算了对侧试验平均值的差异,包括对侧步中 T6 最小垂直位置的差异(T6minDiff)。使用混合模型研究对称参数之间的关联。试验平均值 T6minDiff 范围在 0.3-23 毫米之间。在这七匹马中,有五匹马在左前肢早期支撑时明显地使肩隆下降更多,一匹马相当对称,一匹马在右前肢早期支撑时使肩隆下降更多。对侧肢体之间的比较显示出以下关联。当 T6min 最低时回缩的前肢在离地时的回缩更大(1 毫米增加预测 0.17 毫米 T6minDiff 增加),支撑期更短(1 毫秒减少预测 0.3 毫米 T6minDiff 增加)。当 T6min 最低时处于中间支撑的后肢在支撑阶段的运动范围更大(1 毫米的伸展或回缩增加预测 0.2 毫米 T6minDiff 增加)。当 T6min 最低时,臀部从伸展的前肢的侧面移开(1 毫米的侧向移动预测 0.07 毫米 T6minDiff 增加)。前肢和后肢 vGRF 参数没有统计学意义。在被评估为步态正常的马中,在小跑时垂直肩隆运动的不对称性与步幅周期中整个时空变量的复杂不对称模式有关,而不是与前肢之间的垂直负荷重新分配有关。这表明这种不对称可能是由于固有的偏侧性而不是负重跛行引起的。