Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, University Rd., Yanchao Dist., Kaohsiung City, 824, Taiwan.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Nov;26(33):34073-34084. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-3234-1. Epub 2018 Sep 27.
A commercially available nanofiltration membrane, NF90, was modified using an in situ concentration polarization-enhanced radical graft polymerization method to improve the organic fouling resistance as well as the removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), including ibuprofen (IBU), carbamazepine, sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine, and triclosan (TRI). 3-Sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt (SPM) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were used in various dosages for surface modification, and the extent of membrane modifications was quantified based on the degree of grafting. The modified NF90 exhibited a 15-40% lower flux during humic acid (HA) fouling and 25% greater NaCl rejection compared with the virgin membrane. PPCP rejection in the modified NF90 membranes before and after HA fouling was 20-45% and 5-20% greater, respectively, compared with that of the virgin membrane. Both SPM and HEMA increased the hydrophilicity of NF90 by decreasing contact angles. Scanning electron microscopy revealed lower amounts of foulants on the modified NF90 than on the virgin membrane. The main fouling mechanism for virgin NF90 was gel layer formation and those for modified NF90 were complete and intermediate blocking. Therefore, the modification of NF90 was effective for controlling organic fouling and strongly rejecting PPCPs.
采用原位浓差极化增强自由基接枝聚合方法对市售纳滤膜 NF90 进行改性，以提高有机污染物的抗污染能力以及对药物和个人护理产品（PPCPs）的去除率，包括布洛芬（IBU）、卡马西平、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲噁唑、磺胺二甲嘧啶和三氯生（TRI）。以不同剂量的 3-磺丙基甲基丙烯酸钾盐（SPM）和 2-羟乙基甲基丙烯酸酯（HEMA）进行表面改性，并根据接枝程度定量膜改性的程度。与原始膜相比，改性后的 NF90 在腐殖酸（HA）污染时通量降低了 15-40%，NaCl 的截留率提高了 25%。改性 NF90 膜在 HA 污染前后对 PPCP 的截留率分别比原始膜高 20-45%和 5-20%。SPM 和 HEMA 通过降低接触角提高了 NF90 的亲水性。扫描电子显微镜显示改性 NF90 上的污染物量低于原始膜。原始 NF90 的主要污染机制是凝胶层的形成，而改性 NF90 的主要污染机制是完全和中间堵塞。因此，NF90 的改性对于控制有机污染和有效去除 PPCPs 是有效的。
