Wakely P E, Favara B E, Galliani C A
Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 1986;6(3):261-86. doi: 10.1016/s1040-8428(86)80058-0.
Malignant tumors of infants and children, unlike their adult counterparts, are commonly undifferentiated or show minimal evidence of differentiation. Because of this, many of these tumors pose a formidable dilemma to the general pathologist in distinguishing one from another. A broad sampling of the more common malignant neoplasms and of newly recognized histologic subtypes which are restricted more or less to the pediatric age group is presented. The minimal microscopic criteria required to establish a diagnosis are given using widely accepted pathologic classifications and seminal journal references as a guide. Ancillary microscopic features, helpful histochemical stains, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructural morphology are described for most tumors. Histologic distinction from diagnostic mimickers is discussed. Where appropriate, histologic grading and tumor subclassification are presented and their prognostic relevance is reviewed.
与成人恶性肿瘤不同，婴幼儿恶性肿瘤通常未分化或仅显示极少的分化迹象。正因如此，许多这类肿瘤给普通病理学家区分彼此带来了巨大难题。本文展示了对更常见的恶性肿瘤以及或多或少局限于儿童年龄组的新发现组织学亚型的广泛抽样。以广泛接受的病理分类和重要期刊参考文献为指导，给出了确立诊断所需的最低微观标准。描述了大多数肿瘤的辅助微观特征、有用的组织化学染色、免疫组织化学和超微结构形态。讨论了与诊断模仿者的组织学鉴别。在适当的情况下，给出了组织学分级和肿瘤亚分类，并综述了它们与预后的相关性。
