1st Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel, Hamburg, Germany.
Semin Immunopathol. 2019 Mar;41(2):195-202. doi: 10.1007/s00281-018-0704-y. Epub 2018 Oct 1.
Sex-specific differences affecting various aspects of HIV-1 infection have been reported, including differences in susceptibility to infection, course of HIV-1 disease, and establishment of viral reservoirs. Once infected, initial plasma levels of HIV-1 viremia in women are lower compared to men while the rates of progression to AIDS are similar. Factors contributing to these sex differences are poorly understood, and range from anatomical differences and differential expression of sex hormones to differences in immune responses, the microbiome and socio-economic discrepancies, all of which may impact HIV-1 acquisition and disease progression. Ongoing research efforts aiming at controlling HIV-1 disease or reducing viral reservoirs need to take these sex-based differences in HIV-1 pathogenesis into account. In this review, we discuss established knowledge and recent findings on immune pathways leading to sex differences in HIV-1 disease manifestations, with focus on HIV-1 latency and the effect of female sex hormones on HIV-1.
已经有报道称，性别的差异会影响 HIV-1 感染的各个方面，包括易感性、HIV-1 疾病的进程和病毒库的建立。一旦感染，女性的初始血浆 HIV-1 病毒血症水平低于男性，而发展为艾滋病的速度相似。导致这些性别差异的因素尚不清楚，从解剖差异和性激素的差异表达到免疫反应、微生物组和社会经济差异等，这些因素都可能影响 HIV-1 的获得和疾病的进展。正在进行的旨在控制 HIV-1 疾病或减少病毒库的研究工作需要考虑到 HIV-1 发病机制中的这些基于性别的差异。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了导致 HIV-1 疾病表现中性别差异的免疫途径的既定知识和最新发现，重点是 HIV-1 潜伏期和女性性激素对 HIV-1 的影响。
