Elliott Christopher L, Edwards Joan E, Wilkinson Toby J, Allison Gordon G, McCaffrey Kayleigh, Scott Mark B, Rees-Stevens Pauline, Kingston-Smith Alison H, Huws Sharon A
Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Front Microbiol. 2018 Sep 19;9:2184. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02184. eCollection 2018.
Understanding rumen plant-microbe interactions is central for development of novel methodologies allowing improvements in ruminant nutrient use efficiency. This study investigated rumen bacterial colonization of fresh plant material and changes in plant chemistry over a period of 24 h period using three different fresh forages: (perennial ryegrass; PRG), (bird's foot trefoil; BFT) and (red clover; RC). We show using 16S rRNA gene ion torrent sequencing that plant epiphytic populations present pre-incubation (0 h) were substantially different to those attached post incubations in the presence of rumen fluid on all forages. Thereafter primary and secondary colonization events were evident as defined by changes in relative abundances of attached bacteria and changes in plant chemistry, as assessed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. For PRG colonization, primary colonization occurred for up to 4 h and secondary colonization from 4 h onward. The changes from primary to secondary colonization occurred significantly later with BFT and RC, with primary colonization being up to 6 h and secondary colonization post 6 h of incubation. Across all 3 forages the main colonizing bacteria present at all time points post-incubation were , , , , , and (14.2, 5.4, 1.9, 2.7, 1.8, and 2.0% on average respectively), with and having a higher relative abundance during secondary colonization. Using CowPI, we predict differences between bacterial metabolic function during primary and secondary colonization. Specifically, our results infer an increase in carbohydrate metabolism in the bacteria attached during secondary colonization, irrespective of forage type. The CowPI data coupled with the FTIR plant chemistry data suggest that attached bacterial function is similar irrespective of forage type, with the main changes occurring between primary and secondary colonization. These data suggest that the sward composition of pasture may have major implications for the temporal availability of nutrients for animal.
了解瘤胃中植物与微生物的相互作用是开发新方法以提高反刍动物营养利用效率的核心。本研究使用三种不同的新鲜草料（多年生黑麦草；PRG）、（鸟足豆；BFT）和（红三叶草；RC），调查了新鲜植物材料的瘤胃细菌定殖情况以及24小时内植物化学成分的变化。我们使用16S rRNA基因离子激流测序表明，在所有草料上，预培养（0小时）时存在的植物附生菌群与在瘤胃液存在下培养后附着的菌群有很大不同。此后，根据附着细菌相对丰度的变化和使用傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱评估的植物化学成分变化，明显出现了初次和二次定殖事件。对于PRG定殖，初次定殖持续长达4小时，二次定殖从4小时开始。BFT和RC从初次定殖到二次定殖的变化明显更晚发生，初次定殖长达6小时，二次定殖在培养6小时后。在所有3种草料中，培养后所有时间点的主要定殖细菌为、、、、、和（平均分别为14.2%、5.4%、1.9%、2.7%、1.8%和2.0%），在二次定殖期间和的相对丰度更高。使用CowPI，我们预测了初次和二次定殖期间细菌代谢功能的差异。具体而言，我们的结果推断，无论草料类型如何，二次定殖期间附着的细菌中碳水化合物代谢都会增加。CowPI数据与FTIR植物化学数据表明，无论草料类型如何，附着细菌的功能相似，主要变化发生在初次和二次定殖之间。这些数据表明，牧场的草皮组成可能对动物营养的时间可用性有重大影响。
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