Electrochromic Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers, Metal Oxides, and Coordination Complexes.

Electrochromic sensors offer multi-mode registration of analytical signal based on combination of electrochemical and optical techniques. This emerging direction of analytical chemistry is relatively new; therefore, it has very high potential for various applications in chemical and biochemical analysis. Properties of sensors based on various electrochromic materials such as polymers, polymer derivatives, polymer composites, metal oxides, metal oxide complexes, phthalocyanines, porphyrins, and dyes are critically overviewed, evaluated, and compared. The most promising directions in analytical application of electrochromic polymers are highlighted.