Olivieri V P, Snead M C, Krusé C W, Kawata K
Environ Health Perspect. 1986 Nov;69:15-29. doi: 10.1289/ehp.866915.
A test system for water distribution was used to evaluate the stability and effectiveness of three residual disinfectants--free chlorine, combined chlorine, and chlorine dioxide--when challenged with a sewage contaminant. The test distribution system consisted of the street main and internal plumbing for two barracks at Fort George G. Meade, MD. To the existing pipe network, 152 m (500 ft) of 13-mm (0.5 in.) copper pipe were added for sampling, and 60 m (200 ft) of 2.54-cm (1.0 in.) plastic pipe were added for circulation. The levels of residual disinfectants tested were 0.2 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L as available chlorine. In the absence of a disinfectant residual, microorganisms in the sewage contaminant were consistently recovered at high levels. The presence of any disinfectant residual reduced the microorganism level and frequency of occurrence at the consumer's tap. Free chlorine was the most effective residual disinfectant and may serve as a marker or flag in the distribution network. Free chlorine and chlorine dioxide were the least stable in the pipe network. The loss of disinfectant in the pipe network followed first-order kinetics. The half-life determined in static tests for free chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and combined chlorine was 140, 93, and 1680 min.
采用一个配水测试系统，评估了三种余氯消毒剂——游离氯、化合氯和二氧化氯——在受到污水污染物挑战时的稳定性和有效性。该测试配水系统由位于马里兰州米德堡乔治·G·米德堡的两条营房的街道主管道和内部管道组成。在现有管网中，添加了152米（500英尺）的13毫米（0.5英寸）铜管用于采样，并添加了60米（200英尺）的2.54厘米（1.0英寸）塑料管用于循环。所测试的余氯消毒剂水平为有效氯0.2毫克/升和1.0毫克/升。在没有消毒剂残留的情况下，污水污染物中的微生物始终能大量检出。任何消毒剂残留的存在都会降低用户水龙头处的微生物水平和出现频率。游离氯是最有效的余氯消毒剂，可作为配水管网中的一个标志物。游离氯和二氧化氯在管网中最不稳定。管网中消毒剂的损失遵循一级动力学。在静态测试中测定的游离氯、二氧化氯和化合氯的半衰期分别为140、93和1680分钟。
