de Cássia Neves Esteca Fernanda, Rodrigues Luis Rodolfo, de Moraes Gilberto José, Júnior Italo Delalibera, Klingen Ingeborg
Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), P.O. Box 115, 1431, Ås, Norway.
Exp Appl Acarol. 2018 Oct;76(2):161-183. doi: 10.1007/s10493-018-0309-0. Epub 2018 Oct 6.
Mulching of soil beds of strawberry fields is usually done with polyethylene film in southern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. This material is relatively expensive and difficult to discard after use. In some countries, mulching is done with the use of organic material that could have an advantage over the use of plastic for its easier degradation after use, and for favoring edaphic beneficial organisms. Predatory mites (especially Gamasina, Mesostigmata) may be abundant in the soil and could conceivably move to the soil surface and onto the short-growing strawberry plants at night, helping in the control or pest arthropods. The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is considered an important strawberry pest in that region, where the fungus Neozygites floridana (Weiser and Muma) has been found to infect it. Different mulching types could affect the incidence of this pathogen. Dehydrated coffee husk and pulp (DCHP) is a byproduct readily available in southern Minas Gerais, where could be used as organic mulching in strawberry beds. The temporary contact of that material with the soil of a patch of natural vegetation could facilitate its colonization by edaphic predatory mites helpful in the control of strawberry pests. The objective of this work was to study the effect of mulching type on the population dynamics of the two-spotted spider mite, associate mites and N. floridana, in a greenhouse and in the field. The use of DCHP increased the number of edaphic Gamasina on strawberry plants-Proctolaelaps pygmaeus (Müller) (Melicharidae) and Blattisocius dentriticus (Berlese) (Blattisociidae) were observed on strawberry leaflets, mainly in nocturnal samplings, indicating their possible daily migration from soil to plants. Lower levels of two-spotted spider mite occurred on plants from pots or soil beds mulched with DCHP instead of polyethylene film, possibly because of the slightly higher levels of mites of the family Phytoseiidae and infection by N. floridana. Adding DCHP onto the floor of natural vegetation did not result in higher diversity or levels of gamasine mites on DCHP. Complementary studies should be conducted to find ways to increase diversity and density of those organisms in strawberry beds, in an attempt to improve biological control of strawberry pests. The decision to use DCHP for mulching should also take into account other factors such as strawberry yield, costs and efficiency of weed management, to be evaluated in subsequent studies.
在巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州南部，草莓田的土壤床通常用聚乙烯薄膜进行覆盖。这种材料相对昂贵，且使用后难以丢弃。在一些国家，覆盖是使用有机材料进行的，与使用塑料相比，有机材料具有优势，因为其使用后更容易降解，而且有利于土壤中的有益生物。捕食螨（特别是革螨目、中气门目）在土壤中可能数量众多，理论上它们可能在夜间迁移到土壤表面并爬上生长矮小的草莓植株，有助于控制害虫节肢动物。二斑叶螨，Tetranychus urticae Koch，被认为是该地区一种重要的草莓害虫，在那里已发现佛罗里达新接霉（Neozygites floridana）（Weiser和Muma）可感染这种害虫。不同的覆盖类型可能会影响这种病原体的发生率。脱水咖啡壳和果肉（DCHP）是米纳斯吉拉斯州南部 readily available 的一种副产品，可用于草莓床的有机覆盖。这种材料与一片天然植被的土壤的短暂接触可能会促进土壤捕食螨对其进行定殖，这些捕食螨有助于控制草莓害虫。这项工作的目的是研究覆盖类型对温室和田间二斑叶螨、相关螨类以及佛罗里达新接霉种群动态的影响。使用DCHP增加了草莓植株上土壤革螨目的数量——在草莓小叶上观察到了矮小前气门螨（Proctolaelaps pygmaeus）（Müller）（巨螯螨科）和食菌跗线螨（Blattisocius dentriticus）（Berlese）（跗线螨科），主要是在夜间采样时，这表明它们可能每天从土壤迁移到植株上。与用聚乙烯薄膜覆盖的花盆或土壤床中的植株相比，用DCHP覆盖的植株上二斑叶螨的数量较少，这可能是因为植绥螨科螨类的数量略高以及受到佛罗里达新接霉的感染。在天然植被的地面添加DCHP并没有导致DCHP上革螨目的多样性或数量增加。应该进行补充研究，以找到增加草莓床中这些生物的多样性和密度的方法，从而尝试改善对草莓害虫的生物防治。决定使用DCHP进行覆盖还应考虑其他因素，如草莓产量、成本和杂草管理效率，这些将在后续研究中进行评估。
