Lawson-Balagbo L M, Gondim M G C, de Moraes G J, Hanna R, Schausberger P
University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection, Vienna, Austria.
Bull Entomol Res. 2008 Feb;98(1):83-96. doi: 10.1017/S0007485307005421. Epub 2007 Dec 7.
Coconut is an important crop in tropical and subtropical regions. Among the mites that infest coconut palms, Aceria guerreronis Keifer is economically the most important. We conducted surveys throughout the coconut growing areas of Brazil. Samples were taken from attached coconuts, leaflets, fallen coconuts and inflorescences of coconut palms in 112 localities aiming to determine the occurrence and the distribution of phytophagous mites, particularly A. guerreronis, and associated natural enemies. Aceria guerreronis was the most abundant phytophagous mite followed by Steneotarsonemus concavuscutum Lofego & Gondim Jr. and Steneotarsonemus furcatus De Leon (Tarsonemidae). Infestation by A. guerreronis was recorded in 87% of the visited localities. About 81% of all predatory mites belonged to the family Phytoseiidae, mainly represented by Neoseiulus paspalivorus De Leon, Neoseiulus baraki Athias-Henriot and Amblyseius largoensis Muma; 12% were Ascidae, mainly Proctolaelaps bickleyi Bram, Proctolaelaps sp nov and Lasioseius subterraneus Chant. Neoseiulus paspalivorus and N. baraki were the most abundant predators on attached coconuts. Ascidae were predominant on fallen coconuts, while A. largoensis was predominant on leaflets; no mites were found on branches of inflorescences. Leaflets harboured higher mite diversity than the attached coconuts. Mite diversity was the highest in the state Pará and on palms surrounded by seasonal forests and Amazonian rain-forests. Neoseiulus paspalivorus, N. baraki and P. bickleyi were identified as the most promising predators of A. guerreronis. Analyses of the influence of climatic factors revealed that dry ambient conditions favour the establishment of A. guerreronis. Neoseiulus paspalivorus and N. baraki have differing climatic requirements; the former being more abundant in warm and dry areas, the latter prevailing in moderately tempered and humid areas. We discuss the significance of our findings for natural and biological control of A. guerreronis.
椰子是热带和亚热带地区的一种重要作物。在侵染椰子树的螨类中，椰皱螨（Aceria guerreronis Keifer）在经济上最为重要。我们在巴西的整个椰子种植区进行了调查。从112个地点的附着椰子、小叶、掉落的椰子和椰子树的花序上采集样本，旨在确定植食性螨类，特别是椰皱螨及其相关天敌的发生情况和分布。椰皱螨是最常见的植食性螨类，其次是凹盾狭跗线螨（Steneotarsonemus concavuscutum Lofego & Gondim Jr.）和叉尾狭跗线螨（Steneotarsonemus furcatus De Leon）（跗线螨科）。在87%的受访地点记录到了椰皱螨的侵染。所有捕食性螨类中约81%属于植绥螨科，主要由巴氏新小绥螨（Neoseiulus paspalivorus De Leon）、巴拉圭新小绥螨（Neoseiulus baraki Athias-Henriot）和拉戈钝绥螨（Amblyseius largoensis Muma）代表；12%是Ascidae科，主要是比氏原厉螨（Proctolaelaps bickleyi Bram）、新种原厉螨（Proctolaelaps sp nov）和地下拉氏螨（Lasioseius subterraneus Chant）。巴氏新小绥螨和巴拉圭新小绥螨是附着椰子上最常见的捕食者。Ascidae科在掉落的椰子上占主导地位，而拉戈钝绥螨在小叶上占主导地位；在花序的枝条上未发现螨类。小叶上的螨类多样性高于附着的椰子。螨类多样性在帕拉州以及被季节性森林和亚马逊雨林环绕的棕榈树上最高。巴氏新小绥螨、巴拉圭新小绥螨和比氏原厉螨被确定为椰皱螨最有前景的捕食者。对气候因素影响的分析表明，干燥的环境条件有利于椰皱螨的定殖。巴氏新小绥螨和巴拉圭新小绥螨有不同的气候要求；前者在温暖干燥地区更为丰富，后者在温和湿润地区占优势。我们讨论了我们的研究结果对椰皱螨自然和生物防治的意义。
