Brody Howard
Perspect Biol Med. 2018;61(3):353-360. doi: 10.1353/pbm.2018.0048.
The placebo effect can be defined as a bodily change due to the symbolic effects of a treatment or treatment situation. It is further explained by the meaning model: a positive placebo response is most likely to occur when the meaning of the illness is altered for the patient in a positive direction. Moerman's suggestion that "placebo effect" be replaced by "meaning response" is based in part on dissatisfaction with the characterization of placebo, which is avoided when one focuses instead more comprehensively on placebo effect. The placebo effect can then be explained by the mental processes of expectancy or conditioning and their effect on specific neuro-chemical processes that bring about end-organ changes.
安慰剂效应可定义为因治疗或治疗情境的象征意义而导致的身体变化。意义模型对此作了进一步解释：当疾病对患者而言的意义朝着积极方向改变时，最有可能出现积极的安慰剂反应。莫尔曼建议用“意义反应”取代“安慰剂效应”，部分原因是对安慰剂的特征描述不满，而当人们更全面地关注安慰剂效应时，这种不满就可避免。安慰剂效应随后可通过预期或条件作用的心理过程及其对引发终末器官变化的特定神经化学过程的影响来解释。
