Cognitive impairment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: disease burden, determinants and possible future interventions.

: Cognitive impairment (CI) is an important but an under-recognized extra-pulmonary feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is related to the burden of disability, worse health outcomes, and impaired self-management. : CI includes deterioration of a wide range of cognitive functions, such as memory and various executive functions. Risk of hospitalization might be higher in patients with COPD compared to those without, with CI negatively impacting the wellbeing of patients with COPD. Disease-specific factors such as hypoxemia and inflammation, lifestyle factors such as dietary insufficiencies and lack of physical activity, and comorbidities such as obstructive sleep apnea and depression are likely to synergistically contribute to the development of CI in COPD. Tailored interventions can possibly improve CI in COPD, but this needs further investigation. : Further research is warranted involving the optimization of neuropsychological testing for screening and outcome assessment, longitudinal studies to investigate the development of CI in COPD over time, and randomized clinical trials to test the feasibility and efficacy of promising interventions.