Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
Qassim University, Qassim, KSA.
PLoS One. 2018 Oct 10;13(10):e0205372. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205372. eCollection 2018.
Development and maturation of submandibular salivary glands are influenced by intrauterine diabetic environment. Several studies investigated the effects of diabetes on the salivary glands. However, the effects of maternal diabetes on the submandibular glands of the offspring was not properly examined. Therefore, the present study was designed to describe the changes in the development of the submandibular glands of the offspring of diabetic mothers. The submandibular glands of the offspring of Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic female rats were examined at two and four weeks after birth. Detection of mRNA demonstrated that maternal diabetes affects the level of different indicators. The reduction of expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF); a protein mitogen, cytokeratin 5 (CK5); an epithelial cell progenitor, CK7 and aquaporin 5 (AQP5); differentiation markers and B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2); an antiapoptotic marker were found. Increase in Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax); an apoptotic marker was detected. These changes indicate their effects on saliva secretion, glands tumorigenesis, growth of normal oral flora and oral microbes, with decreased protein synthesis and production of xerostomia and dental caries. Loss of normal glandular architecture, significant increase in fibrosis, by the detection of collagen fibers, and stagnation of secretory granules were found with atrophic changes in the acinar cells. Marked defect of polysaccharides in the acinar cells, denoting functional changes, was manifested by significant reduction of the intensity of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction. The positive immunoreactivity of caspase-3, denoting cellular apoptosis, and minimal reaction of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α SMA) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were evident in the offspring of diabetic mothers. We conclude that maternal diabetes produces degenerative effects in the structure and function of the submandibular salivary glands of the offspring, reflecting possible influences on their secretory activity affecting oral and digestive health.
下颌下腺的发育和成熟受到宫内糖尿病环境的影响。有几项研究调查了糖尿病对唾液腺的影响。然而，母亲糖尿病对后代下颌下腺的影响尚未得到充分研究。因此，本研究旨在描述糖尿病母亲后代下颌下腺发育的变化。在出生后两周和四周检查链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导的糖尿病雌性大鼠后代的下颌下腺。检测 mRNA 表明，母体糖尿病会影响不同指标的水平。表皮生长因子（EGF）的表达减少；一种蛋白质有丝分裂原、细胞角蛋白 5（CK5）；上皮细胞祖细胞、CK7 和水通道蛋白 5（AQP5）；分化标志物和 B 细胞淋巴瘤 2（Bcl2）；一种抗凋亡标志物。检测到 Bcl2 相关 X 蛋白（Bax）的增加；一种凋亡标志物。这些变化表明它们对唾液分泌、腺体肿瘤形成、正常口腔菌群和口腔微生物的生长有影响，导致蛋白质合成和产生减少，导致口干和龋齿。腺泡细胞萎缩性变化表现为正常腺体结构丧失、纤维化显著增加，通过检测胶原纤维，以及分泌颗粒停滞。腺泡细胞中多糖明显缺失，表现为过碘酸希夫（PAS）反应强度显著降低，表明功能发生变化。在糖尿病母亲的后代中，caspase-3 的阳性免疫反应，表明细胞凋亡，以及α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α SMA）和增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）的最小反应，表明存在。我们得出结论，母体糖尿病对后代下颌下腺的结构和功能产生退行性影响，这反映了对其分泌活动的可能影响，从而影响口腔和消化健康。
